PSYCH 2310: EXAM 3
65 Cards in this Set
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Prejudice
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an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its individual members
sexism
racism
ageism
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Stereotype
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a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
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Discrimination
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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
"serving whites only"
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Racism
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individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior towards people of a given race
OR institutionalized practices )even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
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Sexism
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an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
OR institutionalize prac - even if not motivated by prejudice- that subordinate people pf a given sex
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Affirmative action
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"policies" that attempt to decrease prejudice by taking them into consideration
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Modern Racism
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people endorse more indirect expressions of discrimination
"Affirmative action should be abolished" , "blacks getting too demanding for equal rights"
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Ingroup Biases
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(Ingroup= "Us", group of people who share a sense of belonging)
the tendency to favor one's OWN group
Social Identity- "we aspect" of our self-concept that comes from group memberships
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Outgroup Biases
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"Them"-- a group that people percieve as distinctively different from or apart from their in group
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Social Dominance Orientation
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a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
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Ethocentric
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believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group with corresponding disdain for all other groups
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Authoritarian Personality
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a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of out groups and those lower in statues
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory
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theory that prejudice arises from competition b/w groups for scare resources
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Scapegoat Theory
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"displaced aggression" (when cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown- we redirect our hostility)
ex. cotton prices low- more lynchings occured
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Status Legitimization
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majority groups try to legitimize their higher status and resources, maintaining control (social darwinism)
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Demonization of cultures
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prejudices may lead us to demonize those whom with we conflict
@ war with.. Pearl Harbor
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Personality Styles
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prejudice is stronger with people with certain personality styles (social dominance orientation, authoritarianism)
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Social institutions/Norms
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prejudice may be maintained by social institutions/norms (self-fulfilling prophecy, person thinks one way, will treat us this way- possible might come true for person)
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Sociobiology*
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tendency towards in-group biases as highly adaptive and thus evolved trait
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Outgroup Homogeneity
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we don't get enough exposure to distinguish the differences of out-group members "they all look the same"
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Just World Beliefs
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everyone gets what they deserve
when people punish kids, it's almost always for good reason
people who meet misfortune have brought it upon themselves
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Stereotype Threat
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people do worse when neg stereotypes of their groups have been primed, or vice versa
girls and math test
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Contact Hypothesis
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bringing groups together can reduce prejudice IF
share common goal
interdependence (need each other)
informal contact occurs b/w groups (work, play togeth)
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terror management
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when thinking about own death, further derogating themselves from others who make them anxious
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Stigma consciousness
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a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
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Group serving bias
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giving your group benefit of the doubt, while NOT doing this for other groups
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Subtyping
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accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "expectations to the rule"
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Subgrouping
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those who deviate from ones stereotype by forming a new stereotype about the subset of the group
"professional, middle-class blacks"
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Aggression
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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
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Hostile Aggression
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driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
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Instrumental Aggression
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a means to some other end
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Lorenz's Instinct Theory
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aggression is an evolved behavior that serves an adaptive purpose -- Aggressive energy is an instinct that builds up and needs to be discharged -- aggression is innate
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Catharsis
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discharge of instinctive energy
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Frustration Agression Theory
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frustration (blocking of goal-directed behavior) triggers a readiness to aggress
frustation we may aggress against the frustrator
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Genetic Influences
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we can breed animals based on aggressive tendencies and temperaments
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Temperament
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those aspects of an individual's personality that are often regarded as innate rather than learned.
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Displacement & Displaced Aggression
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redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration
DA: frustrated person agresses against an innocent other
Triggered DA: OVERREACT to innocent persons mild provocation
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Relative Deprivation
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perception that one is less well off than other with whom one compares oneself
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Social Learning Theory
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theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished
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De-Individualitzation
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lose touch w/ identity, values in a mob (lynchings)
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Conformity
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everyone else is doing it, i better go along
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Prosocial Behavior
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postive, constructive help social behavior, opposite of antisocial
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Social Scripts
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culturally provided mental instructions on how we should act in various situations
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Matching Hypothesis
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people assort based on looks
we like the one who is in our ballpark
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Smell
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women preferred men whose MHC is dissimilar (as indexed by smell)
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love
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love always involves passion (lust) , intimacy (connection), and commitment (acceptance)
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Romantic
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passion + intimacy, no commit
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Companionate
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intimacy + commitment, no passion
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Fatuous Love
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passion + commitment, no intimacy
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Attachment Theory
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having a secure (rather than anxious or avoidant) "attachment styles"
Secure- i am confortable depending on others
Anxious- worry that others will abandon me
Avoidant- i get nervous when others get too close
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Conflict-avoiding
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side stepping or denying disagreement
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Validating
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compromising, acknowledging each other, working things out
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Volatile
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thriving on emotional intensity, may fight very bitterly
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Equity Theory
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balance in obligation, chores and duties
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Disclosure Reciprocity
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its not how much they disclose, its whether or not its equal
the tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
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Mere-exposure effect
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the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
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Matching phenomenon
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the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits
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Physical attractiveness Sterotype
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"what is beautiful is good"`
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Complementarity
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popularity supposed tendency, in a relationship b/w two people for each to complete what is missing in the other
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Ingratiation
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use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor
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Two-factor theory of emotion
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arousal x its label= emotion
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Secure attachment
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attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
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Preoccupied attachment
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attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence, and possessiveness
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Dismissive attachment
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an avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others
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Fearful attachment
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an avoidant relationship style marked by the fear of rejection
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PSYCH 2310: EXAM 3