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Psyc 110: Psychological Disorders
criteria for psychological disorders
|
Unusual/rare
· Self-defeating
· Faulty perception/interpretation of reality
· Severe personal distress
· Dangerous
· Behavior socially unacceptable
Impairment |
definition of psychological disorder
|
-Behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress/disabilities
-Not predictable responses to particular event |
4 D's of disorder
|
dysfunction
danger
deviance
distress
(discomfort) |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
|
-list of diagnostic criteria for each condition, and set of decision rules for deciding how many of these criteria need to be met
-Diagnosis
o System of classification
o Clinical syndromes
o Personality disorders
o General medical conditions
o Psychosocial and environmental problems
o Global assessment of functioning |
types of disorders
|
Anxiety
· Dissociative
· Somatoform
· Schizophrenia
(personality)
(mood) |
5 axes of DSM-4
|
1 (major mental disorders)
2 (personality disorders and mental retardation)
3 (associated medical conditions)
4 (life stressors)
5 (overall level of daily functioning) |
anxiety disorders
|
most prevalent of all mental disorders
|
symptoms of anxiety disorders
|
Fear of loss of control
· Unable to relax
· Nervousness
· Worrying
· Elevated blood pressure
· Trembling
· Faintness
· Sweating
· Heart racing |
somatoform disorders
|
physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually of psychological origin
|
phobias |
-most common of all anxiety disorders
specific
social
agora------- |
agoraphobia |
fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
|
specific phobia
|
excessive or irrational fear
-fear of objects, places, or situations
-widespread in childhood but disappears with age |
social phobia
|
marked fear of public appearances in which public embarrassment or humiliation seems likely
|
personality
|
typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
|
5 factor model of personality
|
-five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses (statistical method that looks at how the variables are correlated) of personality measurements
o Range of low to high each trait
o Openness to experience
o Conscientiousness
o Extraversion
o Agreeableness
o Neuroticism |
personality disorder
|
-Book: condition in which traits are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress and impairment
-DSM: enduring patter of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individuals cultures, Is pervasive and inflexible |
Clusters of personality disorders
|
odd/eccentric
dramatic, erratic, emotional
anxious/fearful |
borderline personality disorder
|
-marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
-see world as black and white only
-extremely impulsive and unpredictable |
Borderline Personality Disorder DSM criteria
|
instability in various areas of life, tense and unstable relationships, recurrent suicide attempts, efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable self-image/identity disturbance
|
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
|
marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulative-ness, self-centeredness, and risk taking
-Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since 15 years old |
Odd, eccentric cluster of personality disorders
|
-paranoid personality
-schizotypal personality
-schizoid personality |
paranoid personality disorder
|
-Interprets people’s behavior as threatening
-No disorganization
-Persistent suspiciousness of other people
-distrust, suspiciousness, oversensitivity |
schizotypal personality disorder
|
-Peculiarities in thought, perception, or behavior
-Anxiousness leads to social isolation
-No bizarre behaviors
-Fearful of interpersonal interactions |
schizoid personality disorder
|
o Indifference to relationships
o Self identify as asexual sometimes
o Flat emotional response
o “loners” |
DSM criteria for ASPD
|
antisocial behavior, violates or disregards rights of others, lying, stealing, irresponsibility, lack of remorse, aggression, impulsivity, conduct disorder
|
anxiety disorders
|
panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive compulsive disorder
phobias |
panic disorders
|
Abrupt attacks of acute anxiety (repeated and unexpected)
-experience persistent concerns of panicking or change their behavior
-No specific trigger
-Series of attacks
-Physical symptoms
-Shortness of breath, heart racing, think you’re going crazy, get racing thoughts |
generalized anxiety disorder
|
-Unrelenting, persistant anxiety
-At least 6 months of occurrence
-trouble sleeping
-develops after major stressful life event or lifestyle change
-Physical symptoms
-Increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased stress levels |
obsessive compulsive disorder
|
suffer from obsessions and compulsions
|
obsessions
|
persistent, recurring ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and caused marked distress
|
compulsions
|
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that reduce or prevent distress, or relieve guilt & shame
-ritualistic
-often repeated |
what causes anxiety disorders?
|
-Learning theory
Rooted in childhood
Observational learning
-Cognitive theory
Anxiety maintained by thoughts (it’s a product of our thoughts)
-Biological theory
Genetic factors
Natural selection |
stress disorders
|
-acute stress disorder
-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
acute stress disorder
|
within a month of event and lasts days to 4 weeks
|
PTSD |
o Experienced traumatic event that was physically dangerous or life-threatening
o Re-experiences event over and over
o Appear months after and lasts for years
o Flashbacks
o Dreams
Panic attacks |
dissociative disorders
|
-dissociative amnesia
-dissociative fugue
-dissociative identity disorder |
dissociative amnesia
|
-Loss of memory
-Explicit, episodic memory
-Psychological, not organic/medical
-caused by Trauma, not natural
-Lasts from hours to years
-usually follows stressful experience |
dissociative fugue
|
-Loss of past life
-Psychologically flees to new location
-Forget identity (forms new personality)
-Typically short
-Triggered by stressor
-Recovery: no recollection of fugue state
-Under very high stress, dissociates from that stress |
dissociative identity disorder
|
-presence of 2+ distinct identities
-identities assume control over person's behavior and are very different from "host" personality
-arises from severe abuse during childhood |
theoretical views of dissociative disorders
|
-Psychodynamic
Extreme repression
-Learning theorists
Not to think
Avoid feelings
-Keep these disturbing memories out of the mind
-malingering? |
malingering |
faking disorder
|
mood disorders
|
-Major depressive disorder
-bipolar disorder |
major depressive disorder (mood)
|
-Poor appetite, - Lack of motivation
-Anhedonia, -Sleep changes
-Serious weight change
-Agitation -Psychomotor retardation
-“don’t care” - faulty perception of reality
-diagnosis in women more than men
-symptoms develop gradually
-5 to 6 episodes per lifetime |
bipolar disorder
|
manic-depressive disorder
1.Manic-elation
-Rapid flight of ideas
-Can last hours to days to weeks
2. depression
-cycle is slow and gradual, not instant |
theoretical views of mood disorders
|
Learning Theory
-Learned helplessness
Cognitive Theory
o rumination
o attributional style
-internal, stable, global
Biological Theory
o Genetic components
o Neuroticism (Some are more prone than others)
o Neurotransmitters (low serotonin) |
schizophrenia |
·Disturbances in thought and language, Perception and attention
-Motor activity
-Stupor (extremely slow), Strange gestures or expressions, Deviant behavior
·Mood is very flat – do not show any emotion at all
·Withdrawal and absorption in daydreams/fantasies
·Independent of mood disorders |
characteristics of schizophrenia
|
delusions
hallucinations |
delusions |
-False persistent beliefs
+ Unshakable even w/ evidence proving not true
-Grandeur
+ Extreme, eccentric beliefs
-Persecution
+ People are out to get you |
hallucinations |
-Imagery in absence of external simulation
-Cannot distinguish from reality
-Hearing voices |
types of schizophrenia
|
paranoid
disorganized
catatonic |
paranoid schizophrenia
|
-Vivid hallucinations
-Delusions
Persecution, Grandeur, Jealousy |
disorganized schizophrenia
|
-Disorganized delusions that don’t make sense
-Vivid hallucinations
-Flat or highly inappropriate behavior
-Neglect appearance |
catatonic schizophrenia
|
-Striking impairment of motor activity
-Unusual, difficult posture
-Waxy flexibility
-Mutism |
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
|
-Involve a distortion or an excess of normal function.
-"Something added above and beyond behavior"
-hallucinations, delusions |
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
|
lack/absence of something (emotion, guilt, flat affect, motivation)
|
theoretical views of schizophrenia
|
Learning theory
Observation and conditioning
- Serious trauma in childhood
·Biological theory
Prefrontal cortex
Hereditary
High dopamine levels in brain |