Psyc 110: Psychological Disorders
56 Cards in this Set
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criteria for psychological disorders
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Unusual/rare
· Self-defeating
· Faulty perception/interpretation of reality
· Severe personal distress
· Dangerous
· Behavior socially unacceptable
Impairment
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definition of psychological disorder
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-Behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress/disabilities
-Not predictable responses to particular event
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4 D's of disorder
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dysfunction
danger
deviance
distress
(discomfort)
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
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-list of diagnostic criteria for each condition, and set of decision rules for deciding how many of these criteria need to be met
-Diagnosis
o System of classification
o Clinical syndromes
o Personality disorders
o General medical conditions
o Psychosocial a…
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types of disorders
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Anxiety
· Dissociative
· Somatoform
· Schizophrenia
(personality)
(mood)
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5 axes of DSM-4
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1 (major mental disorders)
2 (personality disorders and mental retardation)
3 (associated medical conditions)
4 (life stressors)
5 (overall level of daily functioning)
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anxiety disorders
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most prevalent of all mental disorders
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symptoms of anxiety disorders
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Fear of loss of control
· Unable to relax
· Nervousness
· Worrying
· Elevated blood pressure
· Trembling
· Faintness
· Sweating
· Heart racing
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somatoform disorders
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physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually of psychological origin
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phobias
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-most common of all anxiety disorders
specific
social
agora-------
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agoraphobia
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fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack
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specific phobia
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excessive or irrational fear
-fear of objects, places, or situations
-widespread in childhood but disappears with age
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social phobia
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marked fear of public appearances in which public embarrassment or humiliation seems likely
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personality
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typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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5 factor model of personality
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-five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses (statistical method that looks at how the variables are correlated) of personality measurements
o Range of low to high each trait
o Openness to experience
o Conscientiousness
o Extraversion
o Agreeableness
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personality disorder
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-Book: condition in which traits are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress and impairment
-DSM: enduring patter of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individuals cultures, Is pervasive and inflexible
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Clusters of personality disorders
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odd/eccentric
dramatic, erratic, emotional
anxious/fearful
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borderline personality disorder
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-marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
-see world as black and white only
-extremely impulsive and unpredictable
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Borderline Personality Disorder DSM criteria
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instability in various areas of life, tense and unstable relationships, recurrent suicide attempts, efforts to avoid abandonment, unstable self-image/identity disturbance
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Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
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marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulative-ness, self-centeredness, and risk taking
-Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since 15 years old
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Odd, eccentric cluster of personality disorders
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-paranoid personality
-schizotypal personality
-schizoid personality
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paranoid personality disorder
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-Interprets people’s behavior as threatening
-No disorganization
-Persistent suspiciousness of other people
-distrust, suspiciousness, oversensitivity
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schizotypal personality disorder
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-Peculiarities in thought, perception, or behavior
-Anxiousness leads to social isolation
-No bizarre behaviors
-Fearful of interpersonal interactions
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schizoid personality disorder
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o Indifference to relationships
o Self identify as asexual sometimes
o Flat emotional response
o “loners”
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DSM criteria for ASPD
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antisocial behavior, violates or disregards rights of others, lying, stealing, irresponsibility, lack of remorse, aggression, impulsivity, conduct disorder
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anxiety disorders
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panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive compulsive disorder
phobias
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panic disorders
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Abrupt attacks of acute anxiety (repeated and unexpected)
-experience persistent concerns of panicking or change their behavior
-No specific trigger
-Series of attacks
-Physical symptoms
-Shortness of breath, heart racing, think you’re going crazy, get racin…
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generalized anxiety disorder
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-Unrelenting, persistant anxiety
-At least 6 months of occurrence
-trouble sleeping
-develops after major stressful life event or lifestyle change
-Physical symptoms
-Increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased stress levels
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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suffer from obsessions and compulsions
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obsessions
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persistent, recurring ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and caused marked distress
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compulsions
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repetitive behaviors or mental acts that reduce or prevent distress, or relieve guilt & shame
-ritualistic
-often repeated
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what causes anxiety disorders?
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-Learning theory
Rooted in childhood
Observational learning
-Cognitive theory
Anxiety maintained by thoughts (it’s a product of our thoughts)
-Biological theory
Genetic factors
Natural selection
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stress disorders
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-acute stress disorder
-posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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acute stress disorder
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within a month of event and lasts days to 4 weeks
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PTSD
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o Experienced traumatic event that was physically dangerous or life-threatening
o Re-experiences event over and over
o Appear months after and lasts for years
o Flashbacks
o Dreams
Panic attacks
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dissociative disorders
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-dissociative amnesia
-dissociative fugue
-dissociative identity disorder
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dissociative amnesia
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-Loss of memory
-Explicit, episodic memory
-Psychological, not organic/medical
-caused by Trauma, not natural
-Lasts from hours to years
-usually follows stressful experience
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dissociative fugue
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-Loss of past life
-Psychologically flees to new location
-Forget identity (forms new personality)
-Typically short
-Triggered by stressor
-Recovery: no recollection of fugue state
-Under very high stress, dissociates from that stress
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dissociative identity disorder
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-presence of 2+ distinct identities
-identities assume control over person's behavior and are very different from "host" personality
-arises from severe abuse during childhood
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theoretical views of dissociative disorders
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-Psychodynamic
Extreme repression
-Learning theorists
Not to think
Avoid feelings
-Keep these disturbing memories out of the mind
-malingering?
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malingering
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faking disorder
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mood disorders
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-Major depressive disorder
-bipolar disorder
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major depressive disorder (mood)
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-Poor appetite, - Lack of motivation
-Anhedonia, -Sleep changes
-Serious weight change
-Agitation -Psychomotor retardation
-“don’t care” - faulty perception of reality
-diagnosis in women more than men
-sympto…
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bipolar disorder
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manic-depressive disorder
1.Manic-elation
-Rapid flight of ideas
-Can last hours to days to weeks
2. depression
-cycle is slow and gradual, not instant
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theoretical views of mood disorders
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Learning Theory
-Learned helplessness
Cognitive Theory
o rumination
o attributional style
-internal, stable, global
Biological Theory
o Genetic components
o Neuroticism (Some are more prone than others)
o Neurotransmitters (low serotonin)
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schizophrenia
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·Disturbances in thought and language, Perception and attention
-Motor activity
-Stupor (extremely slow), Strange gestures or expressions, Deviant behavior
·Mood is very flat – do not show any emotion at all
·Withdrawal and absorption in daydreams/fantasies…
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characteristics of schizophrenia
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delusions
hallucinations
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delusions
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-False persistent beliefs
+ Unshakable even w/ evidence proving not true
-Grandeur
+ Extreme, eccentric beliefs
-Persecution
+ People are out to get you
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hallucinations
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-Imagery in absence of external simulation
-Cannot distinguish from reality
-Hearing voices
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types of schizophrenia
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paranoid
disorganized
catatonic
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paranoid schizophrenia
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-Vivid hallucinations
-Delusions
Persecution, Grandeur, Jealousy
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disorganized schizophrenia
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-Disorganized delusions that don’t make sense
-Vivid hallucinations
-Flat or highly inappropriate behavior
-Neglect appearance
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catatonic schizophrenia
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-Striking impairment of motor activity
-Unusual, difficult posture
-Waxy flexibility
-Mutism
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
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-Involve a distortion or an excess of normal function.
-"Something added above and beyond behavior"
-hallucinations, delusions
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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lack/absence of something (emotion, guilt, flat affect, motivation)
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theoretical views of schizophrenia
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Learning theory
Observation and conditioning
- Serious trauma in childhood
·Biological theory
Prefrontal cortex
Hereditary
High dopamine levels in brain
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Study Guide: Exam 1