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MICROB 3200: TEST 2
What are the cells of Humoral immunity and what type of microrganisms is it most effective against? |
- B Lymphocytes
and effective against extracellular Microbes (prasitic worms and Bact.)
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What adaptive arm is effective against INTRACELLULAR microrganisms and what are the cells involved in it? |
- Cellular
- T-cells (Lymphocyte) by producing cytokines or function as effector cells.
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What are the 5 major cells of the lymphocytes? |
1) B lymphocyte (Humoral arm)
2) Helper T-cell (Cellular arm)
3) Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (Cellular arm)
4) Regulatory Lymphocyte
5) NK cells
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What is the fxn of B lymphocyte? |
Neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation (protein peptide activation)
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What is the effector fxn of Helper T Lymphocyte? |
- Activation of macrophages
- Inflammation
- Activation (and proliferation) of T and B lymphocytes
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What is the effector fxn of CTL? |
- Killing of infected cells
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What is the effector fxn of Regulatory T-cell? |
- Suppression of immune response
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What is the effector fxn of NK cells? |
- Killing of the infected cell
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What are the 2 goals of the adaptive immune response? |
1) To provide a pathogen specific response
2) GEnerate a long term memory
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Which host defense provides long term protective immunity? |
Adaptive
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What is one of the reasons our immune system goes bad? |
Lack of tolerance (Loose tolerance), exaggerated response, of abscense of response.
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What are the 3 abnormal immune function and name what it does in our immune system? |
Immunodeficinecy- Absence of immune response
Hypersensitivity- Exaggerated immnune response
Auto-immune- Immune system attacking self.
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T/F: Dendritic cells are part of innate or adaptive immune system? |
- Innate
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Which line of defense is has skin and mucous membranes?
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- First line of defense
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Is NOrmal flora part of 1st line of defense or second line of defense? |
1st line of defense
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What charecterestic in mucous make it hard for a pathogen to survive? |
- Everything in the mucous is chelated
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What is mucous produced by? |
Goblet cells
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Where are the ciliated columnar cells, located? |
- Trachea
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What are defensins? |
- Antimicrobial peptides (part of 1st line of defense)
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How are anti-micorbial (defensins) produced? |
- By mucous membranse
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If mucous membrane was altered and dysfunctional, what would happen? |
- No more production of defensins
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What is the purpose of Cilia in your respitory tract? |
- If you breathe in pathogens your cilia pushes them out.
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What are Normal Flora reffered to as? |
Commensal bacteria- Because they live with us
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Does everyone have the same amount of flora? |
No, depends on genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition, and diet
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What are the main benefits of Normal flora? |
1) secret vitamins for us
2) Prevent colonization of pathogens
3) produce BACTERIOCINS, to kill non indigenous species
4) Produce Cross-reactive anti-bodies
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T/F: all Resident micrbial flora are a good for us? |
No, some are fatal (ex. Hemmoragic E.coli)
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When is the Innate immune turned on? |
All the time (espically 1st line of defense)
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What are the 4 phagocytic cells (found in the 2nd line of defense)? |
1) Mast cells
2) Dendritic cells
3) Neutrophils
4) macrophages
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What is the anti-micorbial event part of?
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2nd line of defense (innate immune system)
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Where are the majority of the 2nd line of defense players? |
Blood
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What is Serum? |
- When the clotting factors from plasma are removed
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What are the components of Plasma? |
1) Formed elements
2) Complement protein
3) clotting factors
4) Anti-bodies
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What are the 3 types of formed elements and their fxn? |
1) Erythrocytes- Carry CO2 and O2
2) Platelets- blood clotting
3) Leukocytes- involved in defending the body
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What is the difference between Leukocytes and Lymphocytes? |
Leukocytes- Part of 2nd line of defense (of Innate defense
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What are the 2 group of Leukocytes? |
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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What are the 3 Granulocytes? |
1) Basophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Neutrophil
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What do Granulocyte cells (Basophils, Neutrophils, and Eosinophils) contain? |
Enzymes and mediatiors
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Which of the 2 (of three) Granulocytes can phagotctize and are capable of Diapedesis? |
Neutrophil, and Eosinophil
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What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes and their fxn? |
1) Monocyte- mature into Macrophages
2) Lymphocyte (B cell, CTL, NK, T cell) - part of adaptive immunity
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T/F: Lymphocytes are part of Leukocytes |
Ture, but Lyphocyte is part of accquired immunity
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How do Monocytes mature into macrohpages? |
By leaving the blood via dipedesis
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Are phagocytic cells part of 1st, 2nd or 3rd line of defense? |
2nd
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What are the 2 types of Phagocytic cells (monocytes)? |
1) Macrophages that move from blood to tissue
2) Fixed macrophages- At the site of the tissue
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What are the 3 Fixed macrophages? |
1)Alveolar macrophages (lungs)
2) Microglia macrophages (CNS)
3) Kupffer macrophages (Liver)
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What are the main function of phagocytes? |
Phagocytosis foreign molecules in body/blood stream
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What is phagocytosis? |
When a phagocyte (mast cell, dendritic cell, neutrophil, esoinophils) actively transports substance across a membrane into the cytoplasm
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What are the 4 stages of Phagocytosis? |
1) Chemotaxis- pathogen produces chemotactic agents to the site where they are needed
2) Attachment- attaches the pathogen
3) Ingestion- Pseudopodia extend around bacterial cell
4) Digestion- Pathogen in broken up and digested
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What happens after the Phagocyte fuses with the phagosome (pathogen)? |
- The lysosme of the phagocyte fuses with the phagosome in the bubble and become a single membrane bound vesicle and bacterial cell is digested withing the phagolysosome
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