MICROB 3200: TEST 2
48 Cards in this Set
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What are the cells of Humoral immunity and what type of microrganisms is it most effective against?
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- B Lymphocytes
and effective against extracellular Microbes (prasitic worms and Bact.)
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What adaptive arm is effective against INTRACELLULAR microrganisms and what are the cells involved in it?
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- Cellular
- T-cells (Lymphocyte) by producing cytokines or function as effector cells.
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What are the 5 major cells of the lymphocytes?
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1) B lymphocyte (Humoral arm)
2) Helper T-cell (Cellular arm)
3) Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (Cellular arm)
4) Regulatory Lymphocyte
5) NK cells
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What is the fxn of B lymphocyte?
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Neutralization of microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation (protein peptide activation)
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What is the effector fxn of Helper T Lymphocyte?
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- Activation of macrophages
- Inflammation
- Activation (and proliferation) of T and B lymphocytes
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What is the effector fxn of CTL?
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- Killing of infected cells
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What is the effector fxn of Regulatory T-cell?
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- Suppression of immune response
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What is the effector fxn of NK cells?
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- Killing of the infected cell
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What are the 2 goals of the adaptive immune response?
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1) To provide a pathogen specific response
2) GEnerate a long term memory
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Which host defense provides long term protective immunity?
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Adaptive
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What is one of the reasons our immune system goes bad?
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Lack of tolerance (Loose tolerance), exaggerated response, of abscense of response.
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What are the 3 abnormal immune function and name what it does in our immune system?
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Immunodeficinecy- Absence of immune response
Hypersensitivity- Exaggerated immnune response
Auto-immune- Immune system attacking self.
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T/F: Dendritic cells are part of innate or adaptive immune system?
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- Innate
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Which line of defense is has skin and mucous membranes?
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- First line of defense
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Is NOrmal flora part of 1st line of defense or second line of defense?
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1st line of defense
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What charecterestic in mucous make it hard for a pathogen to survive?
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- Everything in the mucous is chelated
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What is mucous produced by?
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Goblet cells
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Where are the ciliated columnar cells, located?
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- Trachea
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What are defensins?
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- Antimicrobial peptides (part of 1st line of defense)
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How are anti-micorbial (defensins) produced?
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- By mucous membranse
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If mucous membrane was altered and dysfunctional, what would happen?
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- No more production of defensins
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What is the purpose of Cilia in your respitory tract?
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- If you breathe in pathogens your cilia pushes them out.
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What are Normal Flora reffered to as?
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Commensal bacteria- Because they live with us
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Does everyone have the same amount of flora?
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No, depends on genetics, age, sex, stress, nutrition, and diet
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What are the main benefits of Normal flora?
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1) secret vitamins for us
2) Prevent colonization of pathogens
3) produce BACTERIOCINS, to kill non indigenous species
4) Produce Cross-reactive anti-bodies
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T/F: all Resident micrbial flora are a good for us?
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No, some are fatal (ex. Hemmoragic E.coli)
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When is the Innate immune turned on?
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All the time (espically 1st line of defense)
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What are the 4 phagocytic cells (found in the 2nd line of defense)?
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1) Mast cells
2) Dendritic cells
3) Neutrophils
4) macrophages
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What is the anti-micorbial event part of?
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2nd line of defense (innate immune system)
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Where are the majority of the 2nd line of defense players?
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Blood
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What is Serum?
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- When the clotting factors from plasma are removed
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What are the components of Plasma?
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1) Formed elements
2) Complement protein
3) clotting factors
4) Anti-bodies
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What are the 3 types of formed elements and their fxn?
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1) Erythrocytes- Carry CO2 and O2
2) Platelets- blood clotting
3) Leukocytes- involved in defending the body
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What is the difference between Leukocytes and Lymphocytes?
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Leukocytes- Part of 2nd line of defense (of Innate defense
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What are the 2 group of Leukocytes?
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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What are the 3 Granulocytes?
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1) Basophil
2) Eosinophil
3) Neutrophil
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What do Granulocyte cells (Basophils, Neutrophils, and Eosinophils) contain?
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Enzymes and mediatiors
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Which of the 2 (of three) Granulocytes can phagotctize and are capable of Diapedesis?
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Neutrophil, and Eosinophil
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What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes and their fxn?
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1) Monocyte- mature into Macrophages
2) Lymphocyte (B cell, CTL, NK, T cell) - part of adaptive immunity
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T/F: Lymphocytes are part of Leukocytes
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Ture, but Lyphocyte is part of accquired immunity
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How do Monocytes mature into macrohpages?
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By leaving the blood via dipedesis
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Are phagocytic cells part of 1st, 2nd or 3rd line of defense?
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2nd
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What are the 2 types of Phagocytic cells (monocytes)?
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1) Macrophages that move from blood to tissue
2) Fixed macrophages- At the site of the tissue
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What are the 3 Fixed macrophages?
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1)Alveolar macrophages (lungs)
2) Microglia macrophages (CNS)
3) Kupffer macrophages (Liver)
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What are the main function of phagocytes?
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Phagocytosis foreign molecules in body/blood stream
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What is phagocytosis?
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When a phagocyte (mast cell, dendritic cell, neutrophil, esoinophils) actively transports substance across a membrane into the cytoplasm
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What are the 4 stages of Phagocytosis?
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1) Chemotaxis- pathogen produces chemotactic agents to the site where they are needed
2) Attachment- attaches the pathogen
3) Ingestion- Pseudopodia extend around bacterial cell
4) Digestion- Pathogen in broken up and digested
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What happens after the Phagocyte fuses with the phagosome (pathogen)?
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- The lysosme of the phagocyte fuses with the phagosome in the bubble and become a single membrane bound vesicle and bacterial cell is digested withing the phagolysosome
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MICROB 3200: EXAM 1