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Psyc 295: Research Final
Basic Research
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A study that leads to a greater understanding of how the natural world operates
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Applied Research
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research designed to gather knowledge that can be used learned to create some sort of change
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translational research
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research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems
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peer review
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the process by which scientific papers are evaluated and critiqued by experts before they are published
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confounds |
an additional variable varies systematically with the IV or with the DV
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Intuition
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a fast, positive force in decision making that is utilized at a a level below consciousness and involves learned patterns of information
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Scientific Reasoning
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Cognitive processes central to conducting scientific research and interpreting findings appropriately
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types of scientific sources
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Empirical Article
Review Article
Chapter
Meta-Analysis |
empirical article
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have one or a series of specific experiments and include intro, methods, results, and discussion sections
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Meta Analysis
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A systematic method of evaluating statistical data based on results of several independent studies of the same problem.
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Frequency Claims
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describe a rate, level or percentage of some variable
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association claims
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correlate, relate (variables measured, not manipulated)
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Causal Claims
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suggest one variable causes another
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The Three Rules for Causation
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- Covariance: the variables are associated with one another (as A changes, B changes)
- Temporal precedence: that a comes first in time, before B
- Internal validity: that there are no alt. explanations for the change in B; A is the only thing that changed |
Independent Variable
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The cause/manipulates stimulus (controller)
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Dependent Variable:
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measured outcome of the experiment
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Validities |
Construct - refers to the adequacy of the operational definitions of variables
Internal - refers to our ability to accurately draw conclusions about causal relationships.
External - is the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings. |
Research misconduct
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Fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that deviate from those that are commonly accepted without the scientific community for conducting or reporting research
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Informed Consent
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Permission to proceed with a (typically) diagnostic, evaluative, or therapeutic service on the basis of knowledge about the service and its risks and potential benefits.
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Self-Report measurement method
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useful when measuring one's psychological characteristics and assessing own behavior --
DRAWBACKS: unable to answer, recall issues or carelessness, provide socially desirable answers, demand characteristics (answer questions based off of what they think the researchers expect) |
observational measurements
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research involving direct observation of human/non human behavior; in person or via recordings
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Physiological Measurements
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Assess physiological responses (e.g. hormones, heart rate)
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Test Retest
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Test is given again with same results
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Internal Reliability
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whether a test is consistent with itself
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Interrater Reliability
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• A measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways
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face validity (content validity)
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extent to which a test seems on its surface to be measuring what it purports to measure
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predictive/ concurrent validity
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Evaluates whether the measure is related to a concrete outcome that ir should be related to, according to the theory being tested.
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convergent/divergent validity
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does it correlate (or not) with the things it should (or shouldn't)
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Longitudinal design
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a research design in which participants are assessed at least two times and often more over a certain time interval.
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patterns of cross-lag study
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-variable 1 leads to variable 2
-variable 2 leads to variable 1
-both correlations are significant-> mutually reinforcing |
third variables
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unmeasured factors that produce apparent but spurious associations between two variables
ice cream sales and shark attacks....
nope, it's summer |
moderators |
variable affects strength/nature of the relationship between two other variables
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Mediators |
part of a casual pathway between an independent variable and the dependent variable. (explains the relationship between two variables)
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Beta interpretation
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Denote strength and direction of some relationship
Indicate significance or lack of significance of a relationship |
Experimental designs
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- random assignment of participants to conditions
- manipulation of an independent variable
- high in internal validity
- can be low in external validity |
maturation threat
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change in the expirmanetal group emerged more or less spontaneously over time
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history threat
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something happens in external environments that influence results
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Regression threat
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situational occurrences that may cause a diversion from the mean
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Null effects
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No significant differences of covariance between the IV and DV
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Floor effects/Ceiling effects
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Occur when almost everyone in a sample responds at the same low/high level on a question.
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Factorial design
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An experimental design in which more than one independent variable is manipulated.
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Quasi-Experiment
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-In many cases, a researcher does not have the control over the situation needed to run a true experiment.
-Quasi-experiments involve comparison of pre-existing groups, where random assignment of participants to groups is not possible.
-The unit of analysis might be the group or organization, rather than theindividual. |