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TEL-T 205: TEST 1
Multi tasking
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most people need to
severely reduces productivity
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Automaticity
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The concept of being affected by external stimuli
Studies show wording affects behavior
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7 Skills
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Synthesis
Analysis
Evaluation
Grouping
Induction
Deduction
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3 Information Processing Tasks
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Filtering (ignore or attend to message)
Meaning matching (existing knowledge)
Meaning construction (existing abilities)
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Subliminal v. subconscious
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Subliminal- Beyond human perception
Subconscious- goes unnoticed
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Exposure states
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Automatic
Attentional
Transported
Self-reflexive
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What is a mass audience?
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Heterogeneous
Anonymous
No interaction among members
No social context
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5 types of Niche audience
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Geographic
Demographic
Social Class
GeoDemographic (Zip codes)
Psychographic
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3 strategies for building niches
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Appeal to existing needs and interests
cross-media promotion
conditioning audiences
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Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
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Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
Preoperational stage (2-7)
Concrete operational stage (7-12)
Formal operational stage (12+)
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Telecommunications act of 1996
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All TVs should include a "V-chip"
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3 advertiser regulations
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Limited advertising time
Initiate "bumpers" (5 sec segments)
Prohibit host selling
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Mediation |
restrictive (limiting amount of time on program)
active (Discussing controversial content in real time)
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Coviewing
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Watching together
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5 stages of media development
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innovation
penetration
peak
decline
adaption
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Indicators of peak
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time spent with medium
Money spent on medium
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Magazine
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Never primary choice
Specialization key for survival
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Radio |
Always emphasized localism
peaked 30's and 40's
lost advertisers to TV in 50's
Adaption: Focus on mobility
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Newspaper
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historically political
1830s shift to mass profits>less political
in 1900, 93% of homes subscribed to a newspaper
Shrinking ad revenue, but healthy profits
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Players in economic game
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Consumers
Advertisers
Media employees
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Consumption as power?
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Gay marriage (Chik-Fil-A, Cinemark)
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Above the line/below the line employees
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ATL- Creative talent (actors, performers)
BTL- Clinical work (Can be trained and replaced
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Econ of sale:
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producing an extra unit decreases as scale of output expands
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Econ of Scope:
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producing an extra unit decreases as scale of output expands
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3 basic economic strategies
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Max. profits by increasing revenue and decreasing expenses
construct niche audiences and keep conditioning
reduce risks using marketing concept
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Expressive writing
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ppl write in stream of consciousness (beneficial to health)
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Dimensions of reality
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you're fucked
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next step reality
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FUCKED
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Reality TV
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FAIL |
Uncanny valley
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Humans like when things are real but once they get to a certain point we stop liking it
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Agenda setting
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The news shapes perceptions of the importance of social issues
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Cultivation hypothesis
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heavy viewers assume TV world=real world
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Framing |
the angle of a story influences public reactions
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Commercialism
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Journalists myst attract audiences, not offend
sometimes stories=ads
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Marketing |
inform v. entertain
select market>identify wants>satisfy needs
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News perspective
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culture of journalism
shift from significance, proximity, and timeliness to conflict, appeal to emotions, and visualization
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Classic dramatic structure
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Exposition
Rising action
Climax
Falling action
Denouncement
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3 major genres and subgenres
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Drama (Tragedy, mystery, action/horror)
Comedy
Romance
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Constraints on TV
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must be simple and compelling
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Deceptive Health patterns in media
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Food on TV is unhealthy but ppl r thin
people dont suffer
everyday health prelims are rare
doctors overrepresented
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Why do we stereotype?
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Humans are cognitive misers
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Dimensions of bigotry
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Conscious bias
group
unconscious bias
individual
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Stereotype threat
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being at risk of confirming as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group
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Tokens |
minority members included in dominant group to perceive inclusiveness
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Intersectionality |
approach to having multiple minority identities
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4 stages of minority portrayal
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nonrecognition
ridicule
regulation
respect
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How pervasive is advertising in the US?
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300-1500 ads a day
we feed the pervasiveness
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Examples of Puffery in ads
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pseudo claims
comparison to unidentified other
comparison to earlier form
irrelevant comparison
pseudo-survey
juxtaposition
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3 ways advertising is manipulative
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exploits sexuality
acts by activating our fears
makes us feel we are lacking and reinforces self-doubt
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Multi-dimensional media literacy
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Cognitive
Emotional
Aesthetic
Moral
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Continuum v. categories
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Continuum, not a category
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Benefits of media literacy
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Maintain better control over the media
Increased appetite for media variety
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3 basics lessons of interactive media
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High levels of organizational resources
Formation of collective identities
Personalized content sharing (unique to digital media)
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Corporate policies and activism
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Policies that do not optimize user safety
One size fits all policies may be misapplied to limit social movement
May bend the will of something
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Socially isolated people have...
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more accidents
a greater risk of disease
a greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders
Shorter lives
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Social support is associated with biomarkers of health including...
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more accidents
greater risk of disease
greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders
shorter lives
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4 unique aspects of online support
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Social distance
Anonymity
Interaction management
Access
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Social networking site
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Public display of connections is a crucial component of SNSs
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Is social networking addictive?
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Psychosocial Problems -> Low Social Competence -> Preference for Internet interaction -> Less Threatening/More efficacious -> Excessive, compulsive use of internet
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Propaganda techniques
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Euphemisms
Plain Folks (play up with every day people)
Bandwagon
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Hypodermic needle theory
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Media are all powerful
Messages are like bullets
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Independent vs. Dependent Variables
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I: Variables that predict effects
D: The effects themselves
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6 Types of Effects
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Cognitive (Factual, learning, immediate)
Attitudinal (Not what but how we see things)
Emotional (Immediate: Thrill, Long term: Desensitization)
Physiological (Automatic physical reactions)
Behavioral (What do people actually DO?)
Macro (Effects of organizations and society)
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Manifest vs latent effects
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Manifest: What we can observe
Latent: What we can indirectly observe or what is "brewing slowy"
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Early Campaign History
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Early 1700’s, Cotton Mather used pamphlets and speeches to convince people that inoculation prevented spread of smallpox
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First vs. second party entitlement
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Primary stakeholders vs. secondary
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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Central vs. peripheral processing
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Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
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?
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Social Learning Theory
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Behavior change involves modeling of behavior by credible role models
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Self-Efficacy Theory
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Above the influence
Jennifer Hudson for Weight Watchers
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Localism vs. Efficiency
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Localism: Assumes the individual should be prioritized over the interests of large organizations
Telecommunications Act of 1996 led to mergers and increase in efficiency
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Types of mergers
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Horizontal
Vertical
Conglomerate (a media company buys non-media companies)
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3 Types of privacy
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Informational
Accessibility
Emotional
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6 Types of Privacy Loss
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Monitoring
Selling information (cookies)
Spam
Identity Theft
Hijacking
Infecting
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Conficker fakes and controller
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249 fakes 1 controller
(US gov. did nothing, destroyed itself on Ukranian cpus)
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3rd person effect
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"It's not affecting me but it is for everyone else"
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BOBO experiment
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Violent media creates violence in real life
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Short-term and Long-term effects of media and violence
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Behavioral:
(ST) imitation and disinhibition
(LT) training to kill
Physiological:
(ST) Fight or flight, excitation transfer
(LT) Narcotizing
Cognitive:
(ST) Learning lessons
(LT) Learning Norms
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Violence as pro-social
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o Realistic, offensive, graphic violence might have pro-social effects, versus violence as…
§ Heroic & Sterile
§ Honorable & Beautiful
§ Casual & Funny
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Effects of IU study from 1980’s on attitudes about sex
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o Less satisfaction with the affection, physical appearance, sexual curiosity, and sexual performance of their real-life partners
o Lower evaluation of marriage and monogamy, less desire to have children, and greater acceptance of male dominance and female submission
o Men and women show increases in
§ Masturbation
§ Orgasm
§ Sex fantasy
§ Talking about sex
§ Sexual tension
§ Desire for sex
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Effects of 1995 study on sex and aggression
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o Pictorial nudity…
§ Reduces aggression in viewers
o Portrayals of nonviolent sexual behavior
§ Increases aggression in viewers
o Portrayals of violent sexual behavior
§ Increases aggression in viewers EVEN MORE
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2 Primary aims of media in politics
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Inform and empower public participation in sociopolitical issues
Represent all sides of an issue (Both the powerful and the weak)
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Two-step Model
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Media influences opinion leaders, who then influence the public
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Spiral of Silence
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1 opinion becomes dominant as others fear social repercussions (Typically in extreme circumstances, e.g. 9/11)
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What do sports teach us, good and bad
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The good:
§ Teamwork
§ Integrity
§ Leadership
§ Loyalty/Nationalism
o
The bad:
§ Violence, or how to go to war
Potential issues:
§ Racism
§ Sexism
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Role of Television Networks in Sports
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Increase viewership
make more dramatic and entertaining
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$$ and Olympics
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Costs money to host Olympics on broadcasting station
Do it for cross-marketing
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