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PSYC 250: EXAM 2
GxE |
effects of genes depends on the environment experienced
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Passive GxE
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experienced environment influenced by parent's genes and passively experienced by child
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Evocative GxE
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child's genotype evokes environmental influences
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Active GxE
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genotyped influences environment a person seeks
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Epigenetics
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control of gene expression by the environment and microenvironments
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Transcription Factor/ Promoter Region
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-influence how a gene is expressed
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Why does epigenetics influence Developmental Psychology?
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-mandated to give an idea of what can change
- how to change spiral/cycle
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Michael Meaney
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rats being licked --> stress response
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Prenatal
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before birth
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Perinatal
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during birth
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Postnatal
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after birth
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Ovulation Period
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- can conceive 5 days leading up to and day of ovulation
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Percentage of first tries
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-15%- 20% pregnant first try
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1st 6 months
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-70% conceive
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Infertility |
unsuccessful attempts for 12 months
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Reasons for Infertility
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Age
Medications
Rejected fetus
Immotility of Sperm
Chemicals/ Radiation
Shape of uterus/ovarian cysts
Low sperm count
Improperly implanting egg
No/irregular ovulation
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Mother stages of Pregnancy
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First/Second/Third Trimester
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First Trimester
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morning sickness
rise in hormones
evolutionary protection
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Second Trimester
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Quickening (first fetal movements)
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Third Trimester
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lots of growth and movement, weight
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Prenatal for Child
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Germinal Period, Embryonic Period, Fetal Period
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Germinal Period
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Zygote-Blastocyst-Implantation
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Implantation
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Blastocyst implants to uterine wall
50% succeed
Immune system attacks, chromosomal abnormalities, thin uterine lining
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Embryonic Period
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Organogenesis
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
Majority of miscarriages.
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Organogenesis
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every major organ formed
develops in order of importance for survival
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Endoderm |
internal organs (stomach, liver, etc)
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Mesoderm
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muscles, arteries, bones
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Ectoderm
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central nervous system, eyes, skin
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Support System
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Amniotic Sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord
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Amniotic Sac
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fluid filled sac
temperature constant, protective
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Placenta |
-supplies oxygen/nutrients
-removes waste/carbon dioxide
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Umbilical cord
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blood vessesl connecting embryo and placenta
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Folic Acid
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-important for full development
-neural tube defect (incomplete inclosure)
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Fetal Period
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9th week-birth
bodily structures complete
central nervous develops
23-25 weeks is viability
survival possible, not guaranteed.
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Bodily structures completion
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- muscular development
-bone formation
-weight gain
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Fetal Hearing
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fetus can distinguish between sounds
can ring a bell to wake fetus
can diagnose congenital deafness
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Prenatal Chemosensation
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distinguish sweet/bitter
mother's odor preferred at birth
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Teratogens
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any substance in the environment that can cause physical malformations during prenatal development
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Variables in Teratogens
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critical periods/timing
dosage+duration
genetic makeup
environment
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Thalidomide
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prescribed to help morning sickness
stunted limb growth
Thoms Quasthoff
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Nicotine/Tobacco
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ADHD
Conception down, miscarriage up
Premature birth/ placenta issues
Low birth weight
circulatory restriction= slow growth
obesity long run
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Alcohol
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Can cross placenta
Amount depends on metabolism. Binge drinking factor
"Phenotype"
physical appearance
emotional regulation, ADHD, behavior issues
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Cocaine |
cross barrier
preterm delivery
placental problems
Neonatal withdrawal
Intrauterine, neonatal, and SIDS
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Rubuella (German Measles)
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common in children, dangerous in fetus
Miscarriage/death
blind, deaf, heart defects
timing important- organogenesis
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AIDS |
can be translated pre, peri, post
virus can cross placenta
blood exchange at birth
during breast feeding
no treatment- 15-30% chance
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Radiation/Pollution
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ex. mercury in fish, pesticides
X rays
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Maternal age- teenage
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not mentally/physically mature
prenatal care down
poor nutrition
premature
double mortality
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Maternal age- Advanced (35+)
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abnormal genetic material
higher egg/in vitro=multiples
more substance exposure
older father
chronic diseases (gestational diabetes, hyptertension, arthritis)
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Cephalocaudal
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head to tail
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Proximodistal
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Center outward
internal organs first
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Orthogenetic |
basic and undifferentiated to specialized
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order of importance
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important develops first
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Newborn brain
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25% of adult
axons not mylenated
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Young brain
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2 years= 75%
1 year= 60% nutrition
3 years = 80% of connections
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Synaptogenesis
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formation of synapses, prominent birth to 3 years
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Synaptic Pruning
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Significant at 10 years
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Enriched Environments
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brain size up
number of synapses up
activity of neurotransmitters up
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Plasticity |
responsive to an individual's experiences and can develop accordingly
ex. language acquisition
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Reflexes |
many needed at birth, can be an issue if present later on
voluntary behavior replaces
help newborn respond to environment
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Diagnostic |
absence or presence important
can indicate lower brain development, chromosomal abnormalities
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Classification
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First
Essential v Nonessential
Second
Approach v Avoidance
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Reflexes (list)
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rooting
sucking
grasping
stepping
moro
babinski
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Moro Reflex
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disappears 5-6 MO
absent or weak response indicates serious disturbances of central nervous system
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Babinski
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bottom of foot stroked, big toe in, others out
at 2years- brain damage
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Reaching and Grasping
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grasping reflex
Pre-reaching (swipe)
Direct reaching (3 mo)
Directed Reaching + Grasping (5 mo)
Picking w 2 fingers (6 to 9 mo)
Pincer grasp (11 mo)
Pointing (13 mo) (basic communication)
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Locomotion
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Stepping reflex, kicking (dis- 2 to 3mo)
head control (3-4 mo)
rolling over (4-5 mo)
sitting alone (6 to 7 mo)
crawling (8 to 9 mo)
standing, cruising (9 to 12 mo)
Walk (12 mo)
Run (18 mo)
Jumping/ hopping (2-3 years)
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