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PSYC 101: FINAL
Perceptual Set
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Readiness to perceive something in a particular way
EX: readiness to see faces
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Benefits of Sleep/Dreams
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Improve Learning
Consolidate Memory
Increase Creativity
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AXON |
Long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation
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Sleepiness
Clumsiness
Slowed reaction time
Attention Difficulties
Memory Failure
Microsleep (Brain switches into sleep stage w/o you knowing)
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Myelin Sheath
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Insulating material that encases some axons
if this deteriorates, signal may not be transmitted effectively
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Neurons |
individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit INFO
basic links that permit communication w/n the nervous system
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Dendrites |
The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive info
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Parietal Lobe
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Includes areas that registers sense of touch called the primary somatosensory cortex
also involved in integrating visual input in monitoring body's position in space
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Temporal Lobe
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Area devoted to auditory processing called the primary auditory cortex
If damaged can impair ability to comprehend speech and language
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Occipital Lobe
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Back of Head
Includes area where most visual signals are sent and visual processing begins - primary visual cortex
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Frontal Lobe
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Largest Lobe in Human Brain
Contains area that controls movement of muscle - primary motor cortex
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John B. Watson
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Suggested abandoning study of consciousness in general
Behaviorism - based on premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
Took an extreme position on nature vs nurture - each is made not born
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B. F. Skinner
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No need to study internal mental events b/c they couldn't be studied scientifically
"Free will is an illusion"
Demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences
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Trichromatic Theory
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Holds that the human eye has 3 types of receptors w/ differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths
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Opponent Process |
Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colors
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7 Themes of Psychology
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Psyc is empirical - skepticism
Psyc is Theoretically Diverse
Psyc evolves in a sociohistorical context - ideas of society influence psychology
Behavior determined by multiple causes
Behavior shaped by culture
Heredity & Environment jointly influence
People experience world Subjectively
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Classical Conditioning
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PAVLOV
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Applies mostly to simple, reflexive behavior & basic emotional reactions
"GUT REACTION"
Relies on association btw 2 stimuli
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning
EX: MEAT POWDER
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Unconditioned Response
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an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w.o previous conditioning
EX: SALIVATION
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Episodic Memory System
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Made up of Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
In other words, a record of things you've done, seen, and heard
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Positive Reinforcement |
Consequence is something added after response
R --> add S --> R again
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Negative Reinforcement |
Consequence is something removed after response
R --> remove S --> R again
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Deviant
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Violation of Social Norm
Statistically Extreme
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Etiology
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What causes something; refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
in other words, study of causation or origination
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Big 5 Model
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Neuroticism - often anxious, emotionally reactive, easily angered
Extraversion - outgoing, sociable
Openness to Experience - Curious, Imaginative
Agreeableness - Friendly, Trusting, cooperative
Conscientiousness - organized, self-disciplined
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ABC Model
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A = Activating Event
B = Beliefs
C = Consequences (emotional/Behavioral)
A --> B --> C
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Person loses memory for events that occurred prior to the injury
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5 Approaches to Personality |
... |
Diagnosis |
involves distinguishing one illness from another
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Prevalence |
Refers to how common a disorder is in the population
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Symptoms |
Abnormality in emotions, thoughts and behavior
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Problems |
difficulties caused by symptoms
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difficulties caused by symptoms
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Persistent, irrational fear of an object/situation
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Panic Disorder |
Recurrent attacks of anxiety that occur suddenly/unexpectedly
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Prejudice |
Negative attitude held toward members of a group
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Discrimination |
behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group
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Psychotherapy
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tries to solve problem instead of just talking about it
Many different approaches
Better for long term effectiveness
Reduces Symptoms
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Foot-in-the-door technique |
involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later
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Reciprocity norm |
rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others
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Lowball technique |
involves getting someone to commit to a seemingly attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed
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What aspects of social situations can influence our thoughts, feelings and behaviors? |
Our behavior is affected by social norms/roles, presence of others, and behavior of others.
Conformity and sense of conformity
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Predictable responses to social situations
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Conformity(behavior fits the norm)
Sense of anonymity( in a group you're more likely to feel anonymous)
Diffusion of responsibility
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates basic needs (Hunger, Thirst)
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Amygdala |
Emotion/agression
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Reticular Formation |
Involved in sleep and arousal
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Medulla |
Unconscious functions (Breathing/Circulations)
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Hippocampus |
Learning/Memory
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Retina |
Tissue at the back of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain
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Fovea |
Tiny spot in the center of the retina. Visual activity is greatest at this spot
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Optic Disk |
Hole in the retina.
AKA Blind spot
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Cornea |
At the front of the eye, where light passes through
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Rods
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Play key role in night vision
Highly sensitive to light
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Bottom-up processing |
progression from individual elements to whole
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Top-down processing |
Progression from the whole to the elements
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Progression from the whole to the elements
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Two or more senses coming together so it seems like one
EX: Colored ketchup tastes bad and McGurk Effect
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Gestalt Principle |
Proximity, Closure, Simplicity, and Continuity
whole before parts
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Agoraphobia |
Fear of going out in public places
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ACh |
movement and memory
inadequate supply leads Alzheimer's
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Dopamine |
Attention, thought, reward, movement
inadequate supply causes Parkinson's
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NE |
Mood, arousal
Parkinson's
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Serotonin |
Mood, Apetite, sleep, sex drive
Depression/eating disorders, OCD
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GABA |
inhibitory neurotransmitter
lack of - anxiety disorders
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Glutamate |
Excitatory, Learning, memory
lack of - schizophrenia
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Adenosine |
Sleep, fatigue
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