Front Back
Perceptual Set
Readiness to perceive something in a particular way EX: readiness to see faces
Benefits of Sleep/Dreams
Improve Learning Consolidate Memory Increase Creativity
AXON
Long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation
Sleepiness Clumsiness Slowed reaction time Attention Difficulties Memory Failure Microsleep (Brain switches into sleep stage w/o you knowing)
Myelin Sheath
Insulating material that encases some axons if this deteriorates, signal may not be transmitted effectively
Neurons
individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit INFO basic links that permit communication w/n the nervous system
Dendrites
The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive info
Parietal Lobe
Includes areas that registers sense of touch called the primary somatosensory cortex also involved in integrating visual input in monitoring body's position in space
Temporal Lobe
Area devoted to auditory processing called the primary auditory cortex If damaged can impair ability to comprehend speech and language
Occipital Lobe
Back of Head Includes area where most visual signals are sent and visual processing begins - primary visual cortex
Frontal Lobe
Largest Lobe in Human Brain Contains area that controls movement of muscle - primary motor cortex
John B. Watson
Suggested abandoning study of consciousness in general Behaviorism - based on premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior Took an extreme position on nature vs nurture - each is made not born
B. F. Skinner
No need to study internal mental events b/c they couldn't be studied scientifically "Free will is an illusion" Demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences
Trichromatic Theory
Holds that the human eye has 3 types of receptors w/ differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths
Opponent Process
Color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colors
7 Themes of Psychology
Psyc is empirical - skepticism Psyc is Theoretically Diverse Psyc evolves in a sociohistorical context - ideas of society influence psychology Behavior determined by multiple causes Behavior shaped by culture Heredity & Environment jointly influence People experience world Subjectiv…
Classical Conditioning
PAVLOV type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Applies mostly to simple, reflexive behavior & basic emotional reactions "GUT REACTION" Relies on association btw 2 stimuli
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning EX: MEAT POWDER
Unconditioned Response
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w.o previous conditioning EX: SALIVATION
Episodic Memory System
Made up of Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences In other words, a record of things you've done, seen, and heard
Positive Reinforcement
Consequence is something added after response R --> add S --> R again
Negative Reinforcement
Consequence is something removed after response R --> remove S --> R again
Deviant
Violation of Social Norm Statistically Extreme
Etiology
What causes something; refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness in other words, study of causation or origination
Big 5 Model
Neuroticism - often anxious, emotionally reactive, easily angered Extraversion - outgoing, sociable Openness to Experience - Curious, Imaginative Agreeableness - Friendly, Trusting, cooperative Conscientiousness - organized, self-disciplined
ABC Model
A = Activating Event B = Beliefs C = Consequences (emotional/Behavioral) A --> B --> C
Retrograde Amnesia
Person loses memory for events that occurred prior to the injury
5 Approaches to Personality
...
Diagnosis
involves distinguishing one illness from another
Prevalence
Refers to how common a disorder is in the population
Symptoms
Abnormality in emotions, thoughts and behavior
Problems
difficulties caused by symptoms
difficulties caused by symptoms
Persistent, irrational fear of an object/situation
Panic Disorder
Recurrent attacks of anxiety that occur suddenly/unexpectedly
Prejudice
Negative attitude held toward members of a group
Discrimination
behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group
Psychotherapy
tries to solve problem instead of just talking about it Many different approaches Better for long term effectiveness Reduces Symptoms
Foot-in-the-door technique
involves getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later
Reciprocity norm
rule that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others
Lowball technique
involves getting someone to commit to a seemingly attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed
What aspects of social situations can influence our thoughts, feelings and behaviors?
Our behavior is affected by social norms/roles, presence of others, and behavior of others. Conformity and sense of conformity
Predictable responses to social situations
Conformity(behavior fits the norm) Sense of anonymity( in a group you're more likely to feel anonymous) Diffusion of responsibility
Hypothalamus
Regulates basic needs (Hunger, Thirst)
Amygdala
Emotion/agression
Reticular Formation
Involved in sleep and arousal
Medulla
Unconscious functions (Breathing/Circulations)
Hippocampus
Learning/Memory
Retina
Tissue at the back of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain
Fovea
Tiny spot in the center of the retina. Visual activity is greatest at this spot
Optic Disk
Hole in the retina. AKA Blind spot
Cornea
At the front of the eye, where light passes through
Rods
Play key role in night vision Highly sensitive to light
Bottom-up processing
progression from individual elements to whole
Top-down processing
Progression from the whole to the elements
Progression from the whole to the elements
Two or more senses coming together so it seems like one EX: Colored ketchup tastes bad and McGurk Effect
Gestalt Principle
Proximity, Closure, Simplicity, and Continuity whole before parts
Agoraphobia
Fear of going out in public places
ACh
movement and memory inadequate supply leads Alzheimer's
Dopamine
Attention, thought, reward, movement inadequate supply causes Parkinson's
NE
Mood, arousal Parkinson's
Serotonin
Mood, Apetite, sleep, sex drive Depression/eating disorders, OCD
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter lack of - anxiety disorders
Glutamate
Excitatory, Learning, memory lack of - schizophrenia
Adenosine
Sleep, fatigue

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