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ANSC 160: Life of a Dairy Cow
Sex of calf determines ____.
|
fate |
What 3 things should be done upon birth of a calf?
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-feed colostrum
-remove from dam
-individual housing |
When a calf is first born, colostrum should be fed to it within __ hours.
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12 |
What are the main individual housing options for a young calf?
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-calf hutches
-calf barns with pens |
___% of our beef eaten comes from male Holsteins and cold females.
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30% |
Calf hutches are good for ____ climates.
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cold |
Do calves do better in hutches or barns with pens?
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hutches |
Are hutches or barns with pens easier for farmers? why?
|
barns with pens; it puts a lot of calves in a small area
|
what is waste milk?
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milk that can't be sold due to a yellowy color, it may be colostrum, or have antibiotics in it
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what is the most costly and labor intensive time in a calve's life?
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birth-10 weeks
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what are two main concerns in the period from birth to 10 weeks?
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the calf must be clean and dry
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what is "scours"?
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diarrhea, 1-3 days can lead to dehydration
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Calves should be weaned in ______ weeks, eating ___ pounds of grain.
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6-8; 2
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What are calves fed before they are weaned? (besides colostrum)
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milk replacer and waste milk
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when are calves put into group housing?
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from 10 weeks to 12 months
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what are two examples of group housing?
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-pastures
-heifer barns |
what is important during the 10 weeks to 12 month period?
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the calves need to be healthy and growing
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what form of group housing is used in TN?
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pastures |
during what life period is (first) breeding the main concern?
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14-16 months
|
what is the goal for age at first calving? what is the average?
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24 months; 28 months
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_____ affect age at first calving.
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breed differences
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what should happen at the age period of 24 months?
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calve or freshen
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calving is a critical time, what are 3 main problems?
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calving problems (mainly for first time calvers)
-metabolic disease
-mastitis |
what is lactation?
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the period of time from calving to being turned dry
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when is the peak of lactation?
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60-90 days after calving
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most cows are milked __X a day.
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2 |
how long is the standard lactation?
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305 days |
Ideally a cow will stay in the herd for many lactations, but the average is ___.
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2.7 |
An average cow in a dairy herd is __ years old.
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5 |
what is the most costly disease in US Animal Agriculture?
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mastitis |
What are 4 causes of mastitis?
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-improper milking procedures
-unsanitary environment
-injury
-genetics |
what is the ideal calving interval? what is the national average?
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13 months; 14 months
|
a cow should get pregnant again in _____ days after the preceding calf.
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60-90
|
stopping the milking process causes milk production to ____.
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cease |
why is a dry period necessary?
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rest and rejuvenation of the mammary gland
|
Ideally, cows are turned dry __ days prior to next due date.
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60 |
how long is gestation?
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279 days |
cows should be weaned at __ weeks.
|
8 |
cows should be pregnant for the first time at __ months
|
15 |
cows should calve for the first time at __ months.
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24 |
cow's second calving should happen in:
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12-13 months
|
what are the six primary reasons for leaving the herd
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-low production
-reproduction*
-mastitis*
-disease
-injury
-conformation |
what are the 7 keys to profitability in a herd?
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-calf death loss
-age at first calving (low)
-production level
-days open
-number of lactations
-disease resistance
-controlling imputs |
what are examples of 3 housing systems (for milking cows?)
|
-tie stall
-free stall
-bedded pack |
what housing system is predominant in Canada?
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tie stall
|
what housing system is predominant in the southern US?
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free stall
|
which housing system is most expensive and the dirtiest?
|
bedded pack
|
what are the 3 types of milking parallel?
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-herringbone
-parallel
-rotary |
which milking parlor is used for very large herds?
|
rotary
|
What is DHIA?
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nationwide milk recording and record keeping system for dairy farmers
|
TN producers pay approximately ___ per cow per month to the DHIA?
|
2.25 |
what does DHIA stand for
|
Dairy Herd Improvement Association
|
DHIA standards ensure ______.
|
consistency |
DHIA Technicians visit the farm _______.
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each month
|
what does the DHIA technician do at the farm?
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-records milk weight
-collects milk samples
-records herd data |
DHIA: what are 4 examples of "herd data"
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-ID
-calving dates
-breeding information
-dry and sold dates |
DHIA: herd data transmitted to processing center at ____.
|
NCSU |
DHIA: milk samples are shipped to ____________.
|
316 Ellington
|
what 3 things are studied at Ellington?
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-fat
-protein
-SCC |
whats the SCC for mastitis?
|
250,000
|
75% of TN farmers receive their DHIA info electronically via the _______ program.
|
PCDART |