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ANSC 160: Equine Anatomy
____ in the front legs, ____ in the back legs.
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knees; hocks
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what is the ankle of a horse called?
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fetlock
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what bone in a horse corresponds to a knee in a human?
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patella
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what are the 5 sections of vertebrae (in order, starting at the neck)
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal
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how many cervical vertebrae are there?
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7 |
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
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18 |
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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6 |
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
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5 |
how many caudal vertebrae are there?
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18-22 |
what characterizes cervical vertebrae?
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they are in the neck
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what characterizes thoracic vertebrae?
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they have ribs attached
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what characterizes the lumbar vertebrae?
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from the end of the ribs to the dock pelvis; in the loin
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what characterizes the caudal vertebrae?
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they are the tail bones
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what is conformation?
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structure and balance of the horse
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what is P1?
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long pastern bone
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what is P2?
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short pastern bone
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what is P3?
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pedal bone
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what bone is associated with heel pain?
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navicular bone
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are horses ruminants?
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no |
horses are _____, ______ fermenters.
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nonruminant; hindgut
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what is considered the foregut?
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mouth--->small intestine
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where does enzymatic digestion happen?
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foregut
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what is considered the hindgut?
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cecum--->rectum
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where does fermentative microbial digestion happen?
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hindgut
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how many chambers are in the horse's stomach?
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1 |
minimum __% of bodyweight in forage DM per day.
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1 |
no more than ___ of concentrates per meal.
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5 lbs
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how much does the average heart weigh?
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8.5 lbs
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what is the average pulse?
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28-60 beats per minute
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what is the average respiratory rate?
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12-20 breaths per minute
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horses are ___ day breeders.
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long |
horses are seasonally _____.
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polyestrous |
what season is a horse's anestrus?
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winter |
how long is the estrous cycle?
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21-23 days
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how long is estrus in horses?
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5-7 days
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what is the average gestation period?
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335-340 days
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what seasons usually cause shorter gestation?
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spring and summer
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colts are in the womb _____ than fillys.
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longer |
heavy mares foal _____.
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sooner |
Fetal Cortisol
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produced in fetus that signals the initiation of parturition; foals decide
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when does the placenta begin to separate?
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when the foal is beginning to be born
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list the stages of labor:
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dilation and muscle relaxation
delivery of fetus
expulsion of placenta |
when does stage one of labor end?
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when the first water bag breaks
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how long does stage two of labor last?
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20 minutes
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how long does stage three of labor last?
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1-2 hours
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if the delivery of the fetus lasts longer than ___ minutes, then you know you have a problem.
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30 |
during which stage of labor does the mare have some control?
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stage 1
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if stage 3 lasts longer than __ hours, then the placenta is _____.
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4; retained
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blood samples come from the __________.
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jugular vein
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when giving a horse a vaccine in the neck, point the needle ____.
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down |
4 natural gaits of horses
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walk- slowest, 4 mph; 1 foot off ground at a time; 4 beat gait (hear all 4 feet hitting ground at 1 time); steady
trot- 2 beat gait; speed 4-10 mph; diagonal pairs of legs hit ground at same time
canter- 3 beat (1 foot will strike before the other 3); at 1 point, all 4 feet are off ground; speed 10-15 mph
gallop- faster canter; can reach 40 mph; 4 beat |
what are some artificial gaits?
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running walk
slow gait
lateral pace
rack
foxtrot
tolt
paso quarto |
what characterized the sacral vertebrae?
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from pelvis to dock of tail
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