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BUSI 406: FINAL EXAM KEY TERMS
Wansse Conference
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January 20, 1942
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kristallnacht
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The Night of Broken Glass was an anti-Jewish pogrom (a form of a violent riot or a mob attack) in Nazi Germany and Austria from the 9th until the 10th November 1938.
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Chelmno |
first killing center; it began in December 1941. It was located 40 miles outside of Lodz ghetto. Gas vans were used in the center to kill Jews and Gypsies. The technology was adopted from T-4 program. The camp was led by Herbert Lange, who started with the T-4 program. Sonderkommandos were used to assist with the killing process and were usually gassed after new workers arrived.
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Jewish Councils
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aka Judenrate; Recognized Jewish leaders like businessmen, teachers and lawyers who carried out German orders in the ghetto. They distributed scarce resources, organized social life, set up charities, and found ways to maintain some kind of human community. Germans used them to decide the fates of their own people in cruel ways.
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Hans Frank, Arthur Greiser, and Albert Forster
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Hans Frank- Gaulerter/leaderof General Government
Arthur Greiser - leader ofWarthegau
Albert Forster - leader of Danzig
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Invasion of Poland
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September 1, 1939
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Auschwitz
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Established in May 1940, complex divided into three major camps: 1) Auschwitz I (main camp), Auschwitz II (Berkenau extermination camp), Auschwitz III (Monowitz work camp)--also made of many subcamps. I.G. Farben (a rubber plant) got their labor force via Auschwitz III. Systematic deportations of Jews to AW began in 1942. Chambers ran almost continuously 1943-1944. Uprising Oct 1944. Camp was liberated in Jan 1945 by Soviet troops.
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Law for the Restoration of Civil Service
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1933.This law re-established a "national" civil service and allowed tenured civil servants to be dismissed. Further, civil servants who were not of "Aryan descent"as well as opponents of the Nazi regime were forced to retire from the civil service. Hitler was given the power to fire anyone he wanted, many civil servants run to join the Nazi party and rat out those who did not agree with the regime.
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Nuremberg Laws
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-Reich Citizenship Law: deprived Jews of rights
-Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour: outlawed marriages of Jew and non-Jews; prohibited Jews from displaying a German flag
-anti-Semitism
-began the Final Solution process
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Blitzkrieg |
from the German word meaning "lightning war", a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory.
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Volksdeutsche (Ethnic Germans)
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Ethnic Germans that had been scattered all over Eastern Europe. Hitler proposes to Stalin that he can "repatriate them," many wanted out of Russia anyways
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Incorporated Territories
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Warthegau; Danzig, East Prussia. The part of Poland that was annexed to Germany. 8 million people were cleared out and replanted with Volksdeutsche.
Goals-get rid of unfit Poles, settle ethnicGermans, rob and push out Jews. Important to understandthat these areas are formally incorporated into the German Reich. There is nomore Poland, there are these new provinces (Gaus) and then the GeneralGovernment (Frank).
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Jews in German-occupied Poland 1938-1940
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Jews are forced to wear armbands, have restricted movement, forced to set up Jewish Councils. Jewish ghettos emerged in 1940 as an interim measure before the "final solution" . Starvation, disease (typhus), and overcrowding are rampant (more excuses to keep the Jews isolated) Jewish cultural life is continued.
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General Government
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eastern half of Germany + part of Poland; half million Jews moved to Lublin district of General Government; Poland is denationalized and turned into a reservoir of slave labor; increased radicalization of Jewish policy. Hans Frank. Kracow (Capital), Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin
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Reinhard Heydrich
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WHO: Reich Commander; in charge of ethnic shuffling for resettlement
WHERE: occupied Germany
WHEN: Oct. 1939; assassinated in 1942
SIGNIFICANCE: main individual to instruct Einsatzgruppen to being "self-cleansing". Headed Wansee Conference.
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The Wansee Conference
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January 20, 1942
The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of officials of the Nazi regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. The purpose of the conference was to inform administrative leaders of Departments responsible for various policies relating to Jews that Reinhard Heydrich had been appointed as the chief executor of the "Final solution to the Jewish question".
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Arthur Greiser
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Head of the Warthegau
the model Gau - fully Germanized
"Model Nazi"
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Albert Forster
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Gauleiter of Danzig, W Prussia (Forest in WP) in 1930
Rival of Greiser
Gave Poles 2 options, 1) be Germanized 2) be a slave --> concentration or extermination camp
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Adolf Eichmann
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Eichmann was in charge of the office of emigration/Gestapo Jewish affairs office. Played a central role in organizing forced emigration of Austrian Jews and Czech Jews. Began to organize transports of Jews from designated territories- had no formal authorization. Throughout 1942-1943, was instrumental in arranging transportaion of Jews from all over Europe to ghettos and killing centers. hanged for crimes against humanity.
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HTO - Main Trusteeship Office
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Nov 1, 1939
Oversee plunder of Jewish/Polish Wealth
Sept 1940 - all Jewish property in Poland should be seized
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Nisko Plan
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1940 – the deportation of Jews from East Upper Silesia over the Vistula River. The creation of the Lublin reservation, resettling Jews from Austria. 5,000 Jews were transported from Berlin to Vienna and told to build their own homes. This settlement had no materials, it was swamp and many died of sickness. Hans Frank objected and didn’t want this in his general government .
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Lublin Reservation
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Proposed that Jews be dumped in a remote corner of the General Government. Transport was terrible. First vision of Nazis in solving the Jewish problem. Only 86,000 were transported, ending Spring 1940.
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Ghettoization |
From timeline: Rulers in the areas of Poland incorporated into Germany (Arthur Greiser, Albert Forster) start to segregate Jewish citizens into separate, enclosed areasThe Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. a provisional measure to control and segregate Jews while the Nazi leadership in Berlin deliberated upon option to realize the goal of removing the Jewish population
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General Blaskowitz
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Commander in military region in occupied Poland who wrote a memorandum protesting the brutal behavior of Germans - thought it was counterproductive
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T-4
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Nazi Germany’s euthanasia program for adults - started in October 1939
Physicians killed thousands judged incurably sick after medical examination
Lots ofexperimentation done here - first successful gassing in Jan 1940
Estimated 275,000 were murdered by T-4
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Attritionists
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people who saw the decline of the Jewish population as the main goal of ghettos, ghettos were tools for murder, means to end.
Warsaw Ghetto
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Productionists |
Lodz Ghetto
Use those people living in the ghetto to create stuff, forced labor
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Lodz Ghetto
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Lodz had the second largest Jewish population in prewar Poland, after Warsaw. In early February 1940, the Germans established a ghetto in Lodz and crowded more than 150,000 Jews into 1.5 sq mi. Between January and September 1942, over 75,000 ghetto residents were deported from Lodz to the Chelmno killing center. Spring of 1944, the Lodz ghetto was the last remaining in German-occupied Poland. During that summer, the Germans deported the remaining Jews, most to Auschwitz.
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Vichy France
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3/5 of France that was under german occupation by Marshal Henri Petain. 1940-1944.
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Battle of Britain
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Bombings start July 1940
German loss at the BoB ends possibility of Madagascar plan
Britain’s navytoo good
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Operation Barbarossa
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Code name for the Nazi invasion of the USSR. It began on June 22 1941 when the 4.5 million Axis troops poured over the border. To date, it is the largest invasion in history. Germans won victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas
of the country, mainly in Ukraine.Defeat at Stalingrad: Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could never mount an offensive simultaneously along the entire strategic Soviet-German front again.
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Commissar Order
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WHO/WHAT: commissars (officers) of Soviet Communist Party and Jews were targeted by Einsatzgruppen
WHERE: USSR
WHEN: issued on June 6, 1941
SIGNIFICANCE: led to the deaths of USSR civilians, Bolsheviks, Jews
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"The White Rose"
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The White Rose was a non-violent, intellectual resistancegroup in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that called for active opposition to dictator Adolf Hitler's regime.
The six most recognized members of the group were arrested by the Gestapo andbeheaded in 1943.
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Red Orchestra
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USSR's espionage ring during WWII; successful for a while but came to a gruesome end. Leopold Trepper: connected with people who knew political secrets
1. warned Stalin about Barbarossa invasion
2. worked with resistance agents
3. Soviets/Stalin did not know how much to trust R.Orchestra
4. Germans eventually gained hold
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von Stauffenberg
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Chief of Staff
wanted to assassinate Hitler in a conference
wanted to stop war with Allies & if possible break up the alliance-had a list of new positions if it was successful
24 July 1944 bomb blew up room Hitler was in-did not kill him-Members of the conspiracy were rounded up-hung with piano wire
RESULT: BORMANN & GOEBBELS BECAME GAINERS
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George Elser
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Resistant, militant carpenter
- Aim: stop the war and get rid of Hitler in order to stop the spread of war
- Tactic: attempted to assassinate Hitler by plotting a bomb during his speech on November 8 1939
- Some people applauded him, but some people were skeptical because thought his plan was only a scheme; in 1969 he was recognized as an individual resistor
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Bonhoeffer |
• Started the confessing church.
• Went to America, then decided to come back to Germany and suffer with his church.
• Had a secret seminary.
• Joined an assassination plot.
• Got arrested and put in a concentration camp. 1943
• In camp, he ministered to people.
• Two days after he was hanged, American troops came and liberated the people in that camp.
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Albert Speer
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Hitler’s architect; he built the Reich chancellory and was also in charge of planning the Nazi party gatherings (==spectacle). After armaments minister Fritz Todt died in a plane crash, he took over. He was the only person charged at the Nuremberg Trials who pled guilty and he spent decades in Spandau prison with Rudolf Hess, Hitler’s old buddy from his Munich days. Speer also tried to paint himself as someone who was unaware of the crimes committed by the regime and as a result of his orders.
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Collaboration in Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine
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