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Wansse Conference
January 20, 1942
kristallnacht
The Night of Broken Glass was an anti-Jewish pogrom (a form of a violent riot or a mob attack) in Nazi Germany and Austria from the 9th until the 10th November 1938.
Chelmno
first killing center; it began in December 1941. It was located 40 miles outside of Lodz ghetto. Gas vans were used in the center to kill Jews and Gypsies. The technology was adopted from T-4 program. The camp was led by Herbert Lange, who started with the T-4 program. Sonderkommandos wer…
Jewish Councils
aka Judenrate; Recognized Jewish leaders like businessmen, teachers and lawyers who carried out German orders in the ghetto. They distributed scarce resources, organized social life, set up charities, and found ways to maintain some kind of human community. Germans used them to decide the…
Hans Frank, Arthur Greiser, and Albert Forster
Hans Frank- Gaulerter/leaderof General Government Arthur Greiser - leader ofWarthegau Albert Forster - leader of Danzig
Invasion of Poland
September 1, 1939
Auschwitz
Established in May 1940, complex divided into three major camps: 1) Auschwitz I (main camp), Auschwitz II (Berkenau extermination camp), Auschwitz III (Monowitz work camp)--also made of many subcamps. I.G. Farben (a rubber plant) got their labor force via Auschwitz III. Systematic deporta…
Law for the Restoration of Civil Service
1933.This law re-established a "national" civil service and allowed tenured civil servants to be dismissed. Further, civil servants who were not of "Aryan descent"as well as opponents of the Nazi regime were forced to retire from the civil service. Hitler was given the power to fire anyon…
Nuremberg Laws
-Reich Citizenship Law: deprived Jews of rights -Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour: outlawed marriages of Jew and non-Jews; prohibited Jews from displaying a German flag -anti-Semitism -began the Final Solution process
Blitzkrieg
from the German word meaning "lightning war", a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick victory.
Volksdeutsche (Ethnic Germans)
Ethnic Germans that had been scattered all over Eastern Europe. Hitler proposes to Stalin that he can "repatriate them," many wanted out of Russia anyways
Incorporated Territories
Warthegau; Danzig, East Prussia. The part of Poland that was annexed to Germany. 8 million people were cleared out and replanted with Volksdeutsche. Goals-get rid of unfit Poles, settle ethnicGermans, rob and push out Jews. Important to understandthat these areas are formally incorporate…
Jews in German-occupied Poland 1938-1940
Jews are forced to wear armbands, have restricted movement, forced to set up Jewish Councils. Jewish ghettos emerged in 1940 as an interim measure before the "final solution" . Starvation, disease (typhus), and overcrowding are rampant (more excuses to keep the Jews isolated) Jewish cultu…
General Government
eastern half of Germany + part of Poland; half million Jews moved to Lublin district of General Government; Poland is denationalized and turned into a reservoir of slave labor; increased radicalization of Jewish policy. Hans Frank. Kracow (Capital), Warsaw, Radom, and Lublin
Reinhard Heydrich
WHO: Reich Commander; in charge of ethnic shuffling for resettlement WHERE: occupied Germany WHEN: Oct. 1939; assassinated in 1942 SIGNIFICANCE: main individual to instruct Einsatzgruppen to being "self-cleansing". Headed Wansee Conference.
The Wansee Conference
January 20, 1942 The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of officials of the Nazi regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. The purpose of the conference was to inform administrative leaders of Departments responsible for various policies relating to Jews that Reinhard Heydrich had been…
Arthur Greiser
Head of the Warthegau the model Gau - fully Germanized "Model Nazi"
Albert Forster
Gauleiter of Danzig, W Prussia (Forest in WP) in 1930 Rival of Greiser Gave Poles 2 options, 1) be Germanized 2) be a slave --> concentration or extermination camp
Adolf Eichmann
Eichmann was in charge of the office of emigration/Gestapo Jewish affairs office. Played a central role in organizing forced emigration of Austrian Jews and Czech Jews. Began to organize transports of Jews from designated territories- had no formal authorization. Throughout 1942-1943, was…
HTO - Main Trusteeship Office
Nov 1, 1939 Oversee plunder of Jewish/Polish Wealth Sept 1940 - all Jewish property in Poland should be seized
Nisko Plan
1940 – the deportation of Jews from East Upper Silesia over the Vistula River. The creation of the Lublin reservation, resettling Jews from Austria. 5,000 Jews were transported from Berlin to Vienna and told to build their own homes. This settlement had no materials, it was swamp and man…
Lublin Reservation
Proposed that Jews be dumped in a remote corner of the General Government. Transport was terrible. First vision of Nazis in solving the Jewish problem. Only 86,000 were transported, ending Spring 1940.
Ghettoization
From timeline: Rulers in the areas of Poland incorporated into Germany (Arthur Greiser, Albert Forster) start to segregate Jewish citizens into separate, enclosed areasThe Germans established at least 1,000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. a provis…
General Blaskowitz
Commander in military region in occupied Poland who wrote a memorandum protesting the brutal behavior of Germans - thought it was counterproductive
T-4
Nazi Germany’s euthanasia program for adults - started in October 1939 Physicians killed thousands judged incurably sick after medical examination Lots ofexperimentation done here - first successful gassing in Jan 1940 Estimated 275,000 were murdered by T-4
Attritionists
people who saw the decline of the Jewish population as the main goal of ghettos, ghettos were tools for murder, means to end. Warsaw Ghetto
Productionists
Lodz Ghetto Use those people living in the ghetto to create stuff, forced labor
Lodz Ghetto
Lodz had the second largest Jewish population in prewar Poland, after Warsaw. In early February 1940, the Germans established a ghetto in Lodz and crowded more than 150,000 Jews into 1.5 sq mi. Between January and September 1942, over 75,000 ghetto residents were deported from Lodz to the…
Vichy France
3/5 of France that was under german occupation by Marshal Henri Petain. 1940-1944.
Battle of Britain
Bombings start July 1940 German loss at the BoB ends possibility of Madagascar plan Britain’s navytoo good
Operation Barbarossa
Code name for the Nazi invasion of the USSR. It began on June 22 1941 when the 4.5 million Axis troops poured over the border. To date, it is the largest invasion in history. Germans won victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the country, mainly in Ukraine.D…
Commissar Order
WHO/WHAT: commissars (officers) of Soviet Communist Party and Jews were targeted by Einsatzgruppen WHERE: USSR WHEN: issued on June 6, 1941 SIGNIFICANCE: led to the deaths of USSR civilians, Bolsheviks, Jews
"The White Rose"
The White Rose was a non-violent, intellectual resistancegroup in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943, that call…
Red Orchestra
USSR's espionage ring during WWII; successful for a while but came to a gruesome end. Leopold Trepper: connected with people who knew political secrets 1. warned Stalin about Barbarossa invasion 2. worked with resistance agents 3. Soviets/Stalin did not know how much to trust R.Orchest…
von Stauffenberg
Chief of Staff wanted to assassinate Hitler in a conference wanted to stop war with Allies & if possible break up the alliance-had a list of new positions if it was successful 24 July 1944 bomb blew up room Hitler was in-did not kill him-Members of the conspiracy were rounded up-hung w…
George Elser
Resistant, militant carpenter - Aim: stop the war and get rid of Hitler in order to stop the spread of war - Tactic: attempted to assassinate Hitler by plotting a bomb during his speech on November 8 1939 - Some people applauded him, but some people were skeptical because thought…
Bonhoeffer
• Started the confessing church. • Went to America, then decided to come back to Germany and suffer with his church. • Had a secret seminary. • Joined an assassination plot. • Got arrested and put in a concentration camp. 1943 • In camp, he ministered to people. • Two days after he …
Albert Speer
Hitler’s architect; he built the Reich chancellory and was also in charge of planning the Nazi party gatherings (==spectacle). After armaments minister Fritz Todt died in a plane crash, he took over. He was the only person charged at the Nuremberg Trials who pled guilty and he spent decad…
Collaboration in Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine
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