View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (55)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
PSYC 4520: EXAM 1
Personality
|
-consistent behavior patterns
-intrapersonal processes
-Originating within individual |
Individualistic cultures
|
place great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments
-people think of themselves as independent and unique
|
Collectivist cultures
|
more concerned about belonging to a larger group, such as family, tribe, or nation.
-more interested in cooperation than competition.
|
theory |
a general statement about the relationship between constructs or events.
|
parsimonious (theory)
|
the simplest theory that can explain the phenomenon is the best.
|
useful (theory)
|
theory must generate testable hypotheses.
|
hypothesis
|
a formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is logically derived from the theory
|
Case study method
|
an in-depth evaluation of a single individual
|
Independent variable
|
determines how the groups in the experiment are divided
|
dependent variable
|
measured by the investigator and used to compare the experimental groups.
|
manipulated independent variable
|
begins with a large number of participants and randomly assigns them to experimental groups
|
nonmanipulated independent variable
|
condition assignment is determined by a characteristic of the participant
|
statistical significance
|
the likelihood that a research finding represents a genuine effect rather than a chance fluctuation of measurement.
|
correlation coefficient
|
a statistic that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
|
reliability |
it measures consistently
|
internal consistency
|
-aspect of reliablility
-when all the items on the test measure the same thing
|
validity |
the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.
|
face validity
|
... |
Congruent validity
|
the extent to which scores from the test correlate with other measures of the same construct
|
discriminant validity
|
the extent to which a test score does not correlate with the scores of theoretically unrelated measures
|
behavioral validation
|
test scores predict relevant behavior
|
free association
|
a procedure used in psychoanalysis in which patients say whatever comes into their mind
|
Libido (instinct)
|
the life or sexual instinct
|
Thanatos (instinct)
|
the death or aggresive instinct
|
conscious
|
contains the thoughts you are currently aware of.
-changes constantly
|
preconscious
|
the part of personality that contains thoughts that can be brought into awareness with little difficulty
|
unconscious
|
the part of personality that contains material that cannot be brought into awareness
|
Id |
the part of personality concerned with immediate gratification of needs.
-birth
|
Ego |
the part of personality that considers external reality while mediating between the demands of the id and the superego
|
superego
|
the part of personality that represents society's values
|
Defense mechanisms
|
devices the ego uses to keep threatening material out of awareness and thereby reduce or void anxiety
|
Defense mechanism: Repression
|
an active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness or to keep that material from ever reaching consciousness
|
Defense mechanism: Sublimation
|
the ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions
|
defense mechanism: Displacement
|
channeling our impulses to non-threatening objects.
|
Defense mechanisms: Denial
|
we refuse to accept that certain facts exist
|
Defense mechanisms: Reaction formation
|
hiding from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by acting in a manner opposite to our unconscious desires.
|
defense mechanism: Intellectuallization
|
considering something in a strictly intellectual, unemotional manner
|
Defense Mechanism: Projection
|
attribute an unconscious impulse to other people instead of ourselves.
|
Freudian Slips
|
A seemingly innocent misstatement that reveals unconscious associations
|
Psychoanalysis
|
The system of psychotherapy developed by Freud that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patient's disorder
|
Oral stage
|
-Birth to- 1.5
-demanding, impatient, envious, jealous, rageful, depressed
|
Anal stage
|
-1.5-3 years
-rigid, striving for power and control.
|
Phallic stage
|
-3-6 years
-Oedipus/Electra complex
-Castration anxiety/penis envy
|
Latency stage
|
-6 to puberty
-Stage where boys and girls are uninterested in each other
|
Projection tests
|
Present individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or vague pictures.
|
Thematic Apperception Test
|
Test takers are asked to tell a story about each picture
|
Catharsis
|
Tension reduction
|
Meaning of Dream Content
|
Provides clues about what's in our unconciousness
|
The Meaning of Dream Content (2)
|
-Recurrent dreams
-Higher anxiety, more classic Freudian sexual symbols
-Not completely random
|
Developmental differences
|
-Preschool: Denial
-Older: Projection
|
Defensive Style
|
- Freud: Childhood experiences determine whether defense mechanisms mature
-Immature defenses associated with psychological problems
|
Reducing Aggression with Hostile Humor
|
-Insulted participants who read hostile jokes less angry then those who read nonhostile jokes
-Angry participants who read hostile cartoons gave fewer shocks than those who hadn't seen
|
Levels of Tension and Funniness
|
Freud: More tension, funnier
|
Neodissocation theory
|
Divison of consciousness
|
Hypnotic Responsiveness
|
-Absorption: the ability to become highly involved in sensory imaginative experiences
|