PSYC 4520: EXAM 1
55 Cards in this Set
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Personality
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-consistent behavior patterns
-intrapersonal processes
-Originating within individual
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Individualistic cultures
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place great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments
-people think of themselves as independent and unique
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Collectivist cultures
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more concerned about belonging to a larger group, such as family, tribe, or nation.
-more interested in cooperation than competition.
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theory
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a general statement about the relationship between constructs or events.
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parsimonious (theory)
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the simplest theory that can explain the phenomenon is the best.
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useful (theory)
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theory must generate testable hypotheses.
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hypothesis
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a formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is logically derived from the theory
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Case study method
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an in-depth evaluation of a single individual
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Independent variable
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determines how the groups in the experiment are divided
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dependent variable
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measured by the investigator and used to compare the experimental groups.
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manipulated independent variable
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begins with a large number of participants and randomly assigns them to experimental groups
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nonmanipulated independent variable
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condition assignment is determined by a characteristic of the participant
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statistical significance
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the likelihood that a research finding represents a genuine effect rather than a chance fluctuation of measurement.
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correlation coefficient
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a statistic that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables
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reliability
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it measures consistently
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internal consistency
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-aspect of reliablility
-when all the items on the test measure the same thing
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validity
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the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.
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face validity
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...
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Congruent validity
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the extent to which scores from the test correlate with other measures of the same construct
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discriminant validity
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the extent to which a test score does not correlate with the scores of theoretically unrelated measures
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behavioral validation
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test scores predict relevant behavior
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free association
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a procedure used in psychoanalysis in which patients say whatever comes into their mind
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Libido (instinct)
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the life or sexual instinct
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Thanatos (instinct)
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the death or aggresive instinct
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conscious
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contains the thoughts you are currently aware of.
-changes constantly
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preconscious
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the part of personality that contains thoughts that can be brought into awareness with little difficulty
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unconscious
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the part of personality that contains material that cannot be brought into awareness
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Id
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the part of personality concerned with immediate gratification of needs.
-birth
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Ego
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the part of personality that considers external reality while mediating between the demands of the id and the superego
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superego
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the part of personality that represents society's values
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Defense mechanisms
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devices the ego uses to keep threatening material out of awareness and thereby reduce or void anxiety
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Defense mechanism: Repression
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an active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness or to keep that material from ever reaching consciousness
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Defense mechanism: Sublimation
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the ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions
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defense mechanism: Displacement
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channeling our impulses to non-threatening objects.
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Defense mechanisms: Denial
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we refuse to accept that certain facts exist
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Defense mechanisms: Reaction formation
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hiding from a threatening unconscious idea or urge by acting in a manner opposite to our unconscious desires.
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defense mechanism: Intellectuallization
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considering something in a strictly intellectual, unemotional manner
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Defense Mechanism: Projection
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attribute an unconscious impulse to other people instead of ourselves.
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Freudian Slips
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A seemingly innocent misstatement that reveals unconscious associations
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Psychoanalysis
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The system of psychotherapy developed by Freud that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patient's disorder
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Oral stage
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-Birth to- 1.5
-demanding, impatient, envious, jealous, rageful, depressed
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Anal stage
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-1.5-3 years
-rigid, striving for power and control.
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Phallic stage
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-3-6 years
-Oedipus/Electra complex
-Castration anxiety/penis envy
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Latency stage
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-6 to puberty
-Stage where boys and girls are uninterested in each other
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Projection tests
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Present individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or vague pictures.
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Test takers are asked to tell a story about each picture
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Catharsis
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Tension reduction
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Meaning of Dream Content
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Provides clues about what's in our unconciousness
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The Meaning of Dream Content (2)
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-Recurrent dreams
-Higher anxiety, more classic Freudian sexual symbols
-Not completely random
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Developmental differences
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-Preschool: Denial
-Older: Projection
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Defensive Style
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- Freud: Childhood experiences determine whether defense mechanisms mature
-Immature defenses associated with psychological problems
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Reducing Aggression with Hostile Humor
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-Insulted participants who read hostile jokes less angry then those who read nonhostile jokes
-Angry participants who read hostile cartoons gave fewer shocks than those who hadn't seen
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Levels of Tension and Funniness
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Freud: More tension, funnier
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Neodissocation theory
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Divison of consciousness
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Hypnotic Responsiveness
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-Absorption: the ability to become highly involved in sensory imaginative experiences
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PSYC 4520: EXAM 1