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GEOL 1610: EXAM 2
Types of weathering |
Mechanical and Chemical |
Three things that effect the rate of weathering |
Climate, Rock Composition, Surface Area |
Soil |
The top few layers of regolith, generally including some organic matter derived from plants.
Han's soil equation- ClORPT- Climate, Organic activity, Relief, Parent Material, Time |
The top few layers of regolith, generally including some organic matter derived from plants.
Han's soil equation- ClORPT- Climate, Organic activity, Relief, Parent Material, Time |
the layer of loose material covering the bedrock of the earth, comprising soil, sand rock fragments, volcanic ash, glacial drift, etc. |
pedon |
a three-dimensional sample of soil just large enough to show the characteristics of all its horizons |
horizonation |
process of formation of soil horizons |
Field approach to defining horizonation |
Field approach to defining horizonation color, structure, texture, mottles (how much water), Krotovina (animal burrows, root casts), and boundaries (is soil still intact) |
Field approach to defining horizonation color, structure, texture, mottles (how much water), Krotovina (animal burrows, root casts), and boundaries (is soil still intact) |
(Are Elephants Big Cause Round Kale?)
A- exposed to the most intense weathering, vulnerable to temp.
E- bleached horizon
B- zone of accumulation, increasing clay
C- unconsolidated parent materials
R- bedrock
K- Perdegenic thick calcium carbonate horizon |
The US can be divided into two generalized soil types |
Pedocals and Pedalfers |
Alfisols |
Forested soil that forms in semiarid to humid areas that have clay-rich and nutrient-rich subsoil. Parent Material: Sandstone |
Mollisols |
prairie soils that are great for vegetation commonly found in grasslands. Parent Material: Limestone |
Vertisols |
churning soil, clayey soil, commonly found in areas with high precipitation |
Percentage of all rock outcroppings are sedimentary |
75% |
How are ancient environments reconstructed? |
Primary Structure |
types of sedimentary rock? |
Detrital (made up of different material)
Chemical (water deposited)
Organic (made of dead, organic material) |
How are sedimentary rocks classified? |
By texture and composition |
By texture and composition |
Calcite, Silica, Limonite, Hematite, Glauconite |
angular vs. rounded sediments |
angular sediments have not traveled far whereas rounded sediments have traveled far and long |
How are chemical rocks created? Examples. |
They are formed by chemical precipitation when minerals precipitate out of water. Ex. Halite, Gypsum, Calcite, Limestone, Dolomite |
Biogenic rocks |
Formed by the remains of living organisms, which collected during sedimentation. Ex. Coal, Coquina, Chalk, Limestone, Chert |
Coal formation process |
Put it under pressure- LOW GRADE -> Lignite, Bituminous, Anthricite <- HIGH GRADE |
What does primary structure in rock tell us? |
What the ancient environment was |
What are the agents of metamorphism? |
Heat, pressure, and Chemicals/Fluids |
Foliated vs. Non-foliated metamorphic rock |
Foliated metamorphic rock is made up of a variety of minerals, making it leaf-like, whereas Non-Foliated metamorphic rock is comprised of one mineral, making it not leaf-like. |
settings of metamorphism |
Regional, Contact, Hydrothermal, Impact, Fault Zone, Burial |
scales of metamorphism |
Regional and Contact |
How are hydrothermal formed? |
Hydrothermal elements are deposited by solution when waters are heated by nearby magma chambers. As the water cools (when moving through the subsurface), the elements precipitate out. |
What are the textural terms of foliated metamorphic rock from low grade to high grade metamorphism? |
LOW GRADE -> Slatey, Phyllitic, Schistose, Gneiss <- HIGH GRADE |
what are index minerals? |
Minerals we use to measure the degree of metamorphism |
What is a migmatite? |
A rock that has undergone partial melting. It is approximately half igneous and half metamorphic. |
Parent materials for slate, marble, quartzite, greenstone, etc. |
Slate- Shale or Sandstone
Quartzite- Quartz rich sand
Marble- Limestone |
What are the controls on mass wasting? |
Elevation, gravity, saturation of material, water, over-steepening of slopes, loss of vegetation, ground vibrations of Earthquakes |
How do you make small shallow to deep circular depressions in bedrock? |
Pot holes are made into bedrock when gravel and rocks more around in the wind and grind a hole into the bedrock. |
Expose a pluton and what happens? |
A pluton is a cooled chamber of magma under the surface of the earth. It is held together by pressure, so if you remove this pressure, the pluton will fall apart. |
acid rain |
Its decrease of pH, as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, causes it to kill vegetation and eat artifacts. |
dissolution |
a form of chemical weathering in which water molecules, sometimes in combination with acid or another compound in the environment, attract and remove oppositely charged ions or ion groups from a mineral or rock. |
biogenic weathering |
weathering caused by living organisms |
Definition and causative factors for mass wasting |
Slump, creep, rock slides, landslides, mudflows, rock fall, and solifluction |
Slump, creep, rock slides, landslides, mudflows, rock fall, and solifluction |
downhill movement of earth as a result of water saturation after rainfall or the melting of ice |
Differential Weathering |
One rock weathering faster than another, affects landforms. Ex. hoodoos |
Three major types of weathering |
Oxidation, Hydrolics, Dissolution |
Mechanical Weathering agents |
Wind, sun, water, ice, atmosphere/rain |