GEOL 1610: EXAM 2
42 Cards in this Set
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Types of weathering
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Mechanical and Chemical
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Three things that effect the rate of weathering
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Climate, Rock Composition, Surface Area
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Soil
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The top few layers of regolith, generally including some organic matter derived from plants.
Han's soil equation- ClORPT- Climate, Organic activity, Relief, Parent Material, Time
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The top few layers of regolith, generally including some organic matter derived from plants.
Han's soil equation- ClORPT- Climate, Organic activity, Relief, Parent Material, Time
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the layer of loose material covering the bedrock of the earth, comprising soil, sand rock fragments, volcanic ash, glacial drift, etc.
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pedon
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a three-dimensional sample of soil just large enough to show the characteristics of all its horizons
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horizonation
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process of formation of soil horizons
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Field approach to defining horizonation
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Field approach to defining horizonation color, structure, texture, mottles (how much water), Krotovina (animal burrows, root casts), and boundaries (is soil still intact)
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Field approach to defining horizonation color, structure, texture, mottles (how much water), Krotovina (animal burrows, root casts), and boundaries (is soil still intact)
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(Are Elephants Big Cause Round Kale?)
A- exposed to the most intense weathering, vulnerable to temp.
E- bleached horizon
B- zone of accumulation, increasing clay
C- unconsolidated parent materials
R- bedrock
K- Perdegenic thick calcium carbonate horizon
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The US can be divided into two generalized soil types
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Pedocals and Pedalfers
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Alfisols
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Forested soil that forms in semiarid to humid areas that have clay-rich and nutrient-rich subsoil. Parent Material: Sandstone
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Mollisols
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prairie soils that are great for vegetation commonly found in grasslands. Parent Material: Limestone
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Vertisols
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churning soil, clayey soil, commonly found in areas with high precipitation
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Percentage of all rock outcroppings are sedimentary
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75%
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How are ancient environments reconstructed?
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Primary Structure
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types of sedimentary rock?
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Detrital (made up of different material)
Chemical (water deposited)
Organic (made of dead, organic material)
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How are sedimentary rocks classified?
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By texture and composition
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By texture and composition
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Calcite, Silica, Limonite, Hematite, Glauconite
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angular vs. rounded sediments
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angular sediments have not traveled far whereas rounded sediments have traveled far and long
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How are chemical rocks created? Examples.
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They are formed by chemical precipitation when minerals precipitate out of water. Ex. Halite, Gypsum, Calcite, Limestone, Dolomite
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Biogenic rocks
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Formed by the remains of living organisms, which collected during sedimentation. Ex. Coal, Coquina, Chalk, Limestone, Chert
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Coal formation process
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Put it under pressure- LOW GRADE -> Lignite, Bituminous, Anthricite <- HIGH GRADE
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What does primary structure in rock tell us?
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What the ancient environment was
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What are the agents of metamorphism?
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Heat, pressure, and Chemicals/Fluids
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Foliated vs. Non-foliated metamorphic rock
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Foliated metamorphic rock is made up of a variety of minerals, making it leaf-like, whereas Non-Foliated metamorphic rock is comprised of one mineral, making it not leaf-like.
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settings of metamorphism
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Regional, Contact, Hydrothermal, Impact, Fault Zone, Burial
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scales of metamorphism
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Regional and Contact
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How are hydrothermal formed?
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Hydrothermal elements are deposited by solution when waters are heated by nearby magma chambers. As the water cools (when moving through the subsurface), the elements precipitate out.
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What are the textural terms of foliated metamorphic rock from low grade to high grade metamorphism?
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LOW GRADE -> Slatey, Phyllitic, Schistose, Gneiss <- HIGH GRADE
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what are index minerals?
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Minerals we use to measure the degree of metamorphism
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What is a migmatite?
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A rock that has undergone partial melting. It is approximately half igneous and half metamorphic.
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Parent materials for slate, marble, quartzite, greenstone, etc.
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Slate- Shale or Sandstone
Quartzite- Quartz rich sand
Marble- Limestone
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What are the controls on mass wasting?
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Elevation, gravity, saturation of material, water, over-steepening of slopes, loss of vegetation, ground vibrations of Earthquakes
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How do you make small shallow to deep circular depressions in bedrock?
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Pot holes are made into bedrock when gravel and rocks more around in the wind and grind a hole into the bedrock.
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Expose a pluton and what happens?
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A pluton is a cooled chamber of magma under the surface of the earth. It is held together by pressure, so if you remove this pressure, the pluton will fall apart.
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acid rain
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Its decrease of pH, as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, causes it to kill vegetation and eat artifacts.
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dissolution
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a form of chemical weathering in which water molecules, sometimes in combination with acid or another compound in the environment, attract and remove oppositely charged ions or ion groups from a mineral or rock.
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biogenic weathering
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weathering caused by living organisms
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Definition and causative factors for mass wasting
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Slump, creep, rock slides, landslides, mudflows, rock fall, and solifluction
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Slump, creep, rock slides, landslides, mudflows, rock fall, and solifluction
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downhill movement of earth as a result of water saturation after rainfall or the melting of ice
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Differential Weathering
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One rock weathering faster than another, affects landforms. Ex. hoodoos
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Three major types of weathering
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Oxidation, Hydrolics, Dissolution
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Mechanical Weathering agents
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Wind, sun, water, ice, atmosphere/rain
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GEOL 1610: EXAM 2