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BIOL 4505: TEST 5
Sinus Venosus
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(fish) receives blood from tissues; site of pacemaker cells
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Trabaculated
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spongy heart muscle
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Bulbus Arteriosus
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(typical fish) major outflow track; dampens pressure of each beat
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Pericardium
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rigid sac of fluid that surrounds elasmobranch hearts that aids in the pumping of the heart
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Conus Arteriosus
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(air breathing fish) contains wall or septum that diverts blood in different directions
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Spiral Valve
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the septum within the conus arteriosus
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Ductus
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shunt that diverts blood either to the lungs or to the tissues dependent upon the oxygen content of the lungs
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Parallel System
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blood has more than one pathway it can take; blood flows the path of least resistance
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Series System
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blood has only one pathway to flow; advantage - allows for high and low pressure system
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Ductus Arteriosus
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shunts blood away from lungs in fetal heart; R-L shunt
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Foramen Ovale
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shunt connecting atria in fetal heart; R-L shunt
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Lymphatic System
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system of tubes that end in capillary beds that aid in immune response and recovery of fluid & water at tissues
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Aerobic Diving Limit (ADL)
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change from aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration; lactic acid accumulation
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Hematocrit
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amount of packed red blood cells in a total volume of blood; increased hematocrit increases viscosity
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Bends |
Increase partial pressure increases nitrogen in the blood when diving. A decrease in partial pressure when surfacing causes bubbles in cardiovascular system.
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Cardiovascular Adjustment
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Vasoconstriction to make sure brain, heart, and lungs get blood. Decreased heart rate and amount of blood to GI, muscles, and kidneys |
Hypometabolism
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Metabolism decrease. Gliding reduces energy, which helps to decrease metabolism.
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Osmoregulation
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Balances gains and loses of water and ions
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Osmosis |
net movement of water across semi-permeable membrane
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Osmotic Pressure
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Force on semi-permeable membrane to displace X amount of water (units:Pascals)
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Hypoosmotic |
Having a low osmotic pressure
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Hyperosmotic pressure
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Having a higher osmotic pressure
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Hypertonic
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Higher concentration of ions in solution compared to cell
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Hypotonic |
lower concentration of ions in solution compared to cell
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Osmoconformer
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animals let their blood osmotic pressure vary with environment
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Osmoregulator |
regulate blood osmotic pressure independent of environment
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Ionoregulator
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maintenance of a constant concentration of inorganic ions in the blood plasma regardless of the conc. of that ion in the external environment
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Ionoconformer
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concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma matches/varies with the conc. of that ion in the external environment
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Mitochondrial Rich Cells
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modified epithelial cell that has an abundance of mitochondria to facilitate ion transport
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Chondrichthyans
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osmoconformers but ionoregulators
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Rectal Gland
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site of mitochondrial rich cells in chondrithyans; apart of ion regulation
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Salt Glands
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site of mitochondrial rich cells in birds and reptiles that secrete salt |
Kidney
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excrete wastes
fluid regulation
pH regulation
ion regulation
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Tubular Excretory Organs
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filters blood,
reabsorbs ions, glucose, and water
secretes wastes
concentration of urine (not amphibians)
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Urinary Plasma Ratio
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shows relationship between urine formed and plasma
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Nephron |
functional unit of kidney
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Bowman's Capsule
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first line of filtration
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Glomerulus |
capillary bed; site of filtration
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Fenstrated Capillaries
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have holes (windows) that allow filtration of blood
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Ultrafiltrate
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fluid that moves from glomerulus through the fenstrated capillaries into the nephron; contains water and small things like ions
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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site of reabsorption of Na, Cl, glucose and water.
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Intermediate Segment
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ciliated wall ensures flow by beating
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Distal Convoluted Tubule
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fine tuning salt balance and controls amount of water by controlling permeability of tubule - controlled by ADH
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Cortex of Kidney
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outer region of the kidney; site of cortical nephrons
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Medulla of Kidney
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inside of kidney; site of juxtamedullary nephron
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Cortical Nephron
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works similarly to amphibian nephron; contributes ultrafiltrate to juxtamedullary nephron
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Juxtamedullary Nephron
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contains loop of henle that extends deep into the medulla that is responsible for concentration of urine
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Loop of Henle
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responsible for creating concentration gradient to excrete concentrated urine
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Ascending Limb
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side of loop of henle returning to the distal convoluted tubule; pumps out Na+ makes filtrate more dilute
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Descending Limb
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part of loop of Henle leaving the proximal convoluted tubule; permeable to water and makes it more concentrated
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Single Effect
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counter current multiplier increases ultrafiltrate concentration in descending limb while setting up an osmotic gradient for water
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