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PSY 326: EXAM 3
semantic memory
|
general knowledge concepts & categories nodes
|
Lexical memory
|
abstract word representation with meaning |
abstract word representation with meaning |
semantic memory
|
understanding the phrase 'apple of my eye'
|
lexical memory
|
remembering picking apples with your family
|
episodic memory
|
structure of semantic memory
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a network of nodes (unit of memory) linked together in the cortex
|
accessing information in semantic memory
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involves activation, spreading activation from one node to another
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associative network
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when one thing leads to something different of another 'link'
|
Collins and Quillian
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created a network model, interrelated concepts, direct or indirect
bird-robin-red-blue eggs
|
sentence verification
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verifying if a sentence is true or false
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ways we form categories
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family resemblance,
prototype theory,
exemplar theory
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family resemblance
|
defined by general resemblance to other members, not just a list of categories
|
prototype theory
|
formed around the central feature in our representation
|
exemplar theory
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categories classified by containing a large number of specific instance of the category
ex; fruit -> apple
|
schemas |
generalized knowledge about an event, person, or situation
|
script |
well learned sequences of events associated with common activities
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inconsistent information
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when an event widely deviates from what is expected, it will be perceived and encoded as a new episodic memory
|
Brewers & Treyens 1981
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image of an office
there was a chair: schema consistent
there was a skull:
schema deviant
|
misinformation effect - loftus
|
false memories can be formed when schema are integrated into our memory
|
lemma
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syntactical information
|
lexemes
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how the word sounds, phonology
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word exchange errors
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substituting a word with a similar meaning for another
|
language acquisition device
|
allows children to extract meaning and begin learning words
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features learned early by young children
|
distributional information
taxonomic constraint
whole object assumption
fast mapping
|
Gilboa Study
|
patients with amnesia can remember if given indirect information
|
Second language learning in adulthood
|
traditional
submersion
audiolingual
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analog representation
|
the cognitive representation of images is stored as pictures
|
cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
|
cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
|
Shepard and Metzler (1971)
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decide if two figures were geometrically the same
measured how long the response took
|
Primary Visual Cortex
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first area in the cerebral cortex to receive input from the retina of the eye
|
Primary Visual Cortex
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"what pathway" = occiptial lobe
"where pathway" = parietal lobe
|
Hemifield Neglect
|
A condition in which patients ignore one half of the visual world
|
Loci method
|
Technique of associating items with specific places
|
Keyword technique
|
generating an image that serves as a bridge between the known word and the new word
ex; book - le livre
|
pegword mnemonic
|
takes advantage of our natural auditory memory system as well as our visual imagery system
one, bun
two, shoe
three, tree
etc
|
fusiform gyrus
|
what we see everyday
ex; eyes, nose, ears etc
|
superior temporal sulcus
|
changeable accepts
hair color, eye color, body type etc
|
inferior occipital gyrus
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early facial perceptions
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inferior occipital gyrus
|
occipitiotemporal regions
amygdala
|
prospagnosia
|
face blindness
unable to distinguish between faces
|
verbal facilitation
|
when receiving verbal descriptions help memory of verbal stimuli
|
verbal overshadowing
|
when receiving verbal descriptions hurts memory for visual stimuli
|
memory
|
actual events +
schematic knowledge+
other experiences+
expectations
|
Reasons for false memory
|
suggestibility
source monitoring error (forgetting the source)
contextual association (at recall that item is very active)
fuzzy-trace theory
|
DRM procedure
|
group of words
asked to say words closely related
|
activation-source monitoring theory
|
part 1 = activation
part 2 = source monitoring
|
hippocampus
|
activates pieces of the memory network
|
why study false memories?
|
better understanding
eye witness testimony
recovered memory issues
|
schema
|
office schema: asked to remember what was in the office. people answered with what their schemas wanted to be in the office
|
Elizabeth Loftus
|
imagination inflation
altered memory
hypnosis
recovered memories
|
misinformation effect
|
trace impairment view: memory has changes
coexistence hypothesis: two memories are formed and coexist
|
metacognition |
our knowledge and awareness of our own cognitive processes
|
metamemory
|
our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes
|
monitoring
|
our ability to reflect and become aware of what we know and what we do not
|
monitoring accuracy
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the extent to which our judgements of what we know correspond to our actual state of knowledge
|
metacognitive control
|
our ability to regulate our learning or retrieval based upon our own monitoring
|
metamemory judgements
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the subject reports that people give to indicate whether they think they have learned or can retrieve a target memory
|
direct access theory
|
judgements we make are based on the same processes that allow us to remember in the first place
|