58 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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semantic memory
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general knowledge concepts & categories nodes
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Lexical memory
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abstract word representation with meaning
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abstract word representation with meaning
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semantic memory
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understanding the phrase 'apple of my eye'
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lexical memory
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remembering picking apples with your family
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episodic memory
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structure of semantic memory
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a network of nodes (unit of memory) linked together in the cortex
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accessing information in semantic memory
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involves activation, spreading activation from one node to another
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associative network
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when one thing leads to something different of another 'link'
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Collins and Quillian
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created a network model, interrelated concepts, direct or indirect
bird-robin-red-blue eggs
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sentence verification
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verifying if a sentence is true or false
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ways we form categories
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family resemblance,
prototype theory,
exemplar theory
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family resemblance
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defined by general resemblance to other members, not just a list of categories
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prototype theory
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formed around the central feature in our representation
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exemplar theory
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categories classified by containing a large number of specific instance of the category
ex; fruit -> apple
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schemas
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generalized knowledge about an event, person, or situation
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script
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well learned sequences of events associated with common activities
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inconsistent information
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when an event widely deviates from what is expected, it will be perceived and encoded as a new episodic memory
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Brewers & Treyens 1981
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image of an office
there was a chair: schema consistent
there was a skull:
schema deviant
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misinformation effect - loftus
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false memories can be formed when schema are integrated into our memory
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lemma
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syntactical information
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lexemes
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how the word sounds, phonology
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word exchange errors
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substituting a word with a similar meaning for another
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language acquisition device
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allows children to extract meaning and begin learning words
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features learned early by young children
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distributional information
taxonomic constraint
whole object assumption
fast mapping
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Gilboa Study
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patients with amnesia can remember if given indirect information
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Second language learning in adulthood
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traditional
submersion
audiolingual
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analog representation
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the cognitive representation of images is stored as pictures
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cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
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cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
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Shepard and Metzler (1971)
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decide if two figures were geometrically the same
measured how long the response took
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Primary Visual Cortex
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first area in the cerebral cortex to receive input from the retina of the eye
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Primary Visual Cortex
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"what pathway" = occiptial lobe
"where pathway" = parietal lobe
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Hemifield Neglect
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A condition in which patients ignore one half of the visual world
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Loci method
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Technique of associating items with specific places
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Keyword technique
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generating an image that serves as a bridge between the known word and the new word
ex; book - le livre
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pegword mnemonic
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takes advantage of our natural auditory memory system as well as our visual imagery system
one, bun
two, shoe
three, tree
etc
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fusiform gyrus
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what we see everyday
ex; eyes, nose, ears etc
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superior temporal sulcus
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changeable accepts
hair color, eye color, body type etc
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inferior occipital gyrus
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early facial perceptions
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inferior occipital gyrus
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occipitiotemporal regions
amygdala
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prospagnosia
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face blindness
unable to distinguish between faces
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verbal facilitation
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when receiving verbal descriptions help memory of verbal stimuli
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verbal overshadowing
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when receiving verbal descriptions hurts memory for visual stimuli
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memory
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actual events +
schematic knowledge+
other experiences+
expectations
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Reasons for false memory
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suggestibility
source monitoring error (forgetting the source)
contextual association (at recall that item is very active)
fuzzy-trace theory
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DRM procedure
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group of words
asked to say words closely related
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activation-source monitoring theory
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part 1 = activation
part 2 = source monitoring
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hippocampus
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activates pieces of the memory network
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why study false memories?
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better understanding
eye witness testimony
recovered memory issues
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schema
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office schema: asked to remember what was in the office. people answered with what their schemas wanted to be in the office
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Elizabeth Loftus
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imagination inflation
altered memory
hypnosis
recovered memories
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misinformation effect
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trace impairment view: memory has changes
coexistence hypothesis: two memories are formed and coexist
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metacognition
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our knowledge and awareness of our own cognitive processes
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metamemory
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our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes
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monitoring
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our ability to reflect and become aware of what we know and what we do not
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monitoring accuracy
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the extent to which our judgements of what we know correspond to our actual state of knowledge
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metacognitive control
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our ability to regulate our learning or retrieval based upon our own monitoring
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metamemory judgements
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the subject reports that people give to indicate whether they think they have learned or can retrieve a target memory
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direct access theory
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judgements we make are based on the same processes that allow us to remember in the first place
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