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semantic memory
general knowledge concepts & categories nodes
Lexical memory
abstract word representation with meaning
abstract word representation with meaning
semantic memory
understanding the phrase 'apple of my eye'
lexical memory
remembering picking apples with your family
episodic memory
structure of semantic memory
a network of nodes (unit of memory) linked together in the cortex
accessing information in semantic memory
involves activation, spreading activation from one node to another
associative network
when one thing leads to something different of another 'link'
Collins and Quillian
created a network model, interrelated concepts, direct or indirect bird-robin-red-blue eggs
sentence verification
verifying if a sentence is true or false
ways we form categories
family resemblance, prototype theory, exemplar theory
family resemblance
defined by general resemblance to other members, not just a list of categories
prototype theory
formed around the central feature in our representation
exemplar theory
categories classified by containing a large number of specific instance of the category ex; fruit -> apple
schemas
generalized knowledge about an event, person, or situation
script
well learned sequences of events associated with common activities
inconsistent information
when an event widely deviates from what is expected, it will be perceived and encoded as a new episodic memory
Brewers & Treyens 1981
image of an office there was a chair: schema consistent there was a skull: schema deviant
misinformation effect - loftus
false memories can be formed when schema are integrated into our memory
lemma
syntactical information
lexemes
how the word sounds, phonology
word exchange errors
substituting a word with a similar meaning for another
language acquisition device
allows children to extract meaning and begin learning words
features learned early by young children
distributional information taxonomic constraint whole object assumption fast mapping
Gilboa Study
patients with amnesia can remember if given indirect information
Second language learning in adulthood
traditional submersion audiolingual
analog representation
the cognitive representation of images is stored as pictures
cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
cognitive representation of images stored in an abstract language like code
Shepard and Metzler (1971)
decide if two figures were geometrically the same measured how long the response took
Primary Visual Cortex
first area in the cerebral cortex to receive input from the retina of the eye
Primary Visual Cortex
"what pathway" = occiptial lobe "where pathway" = parietal lobe
Hemifield Neglect
A condition in which patients ignore one half of the visual world
Loci method
Technique of associating items with specific places
Keyword technique
generating an image that serves as a bridge between the known word and the new word ex; book - le livre
pegword mnemonic
takes advantage of our natural auditory memory system as well as our visual imagery system one, bun two, shoe three, tree etc
fusiform gyrus
what we see everyday ex; eyes, nose, ears etc
superior temporal sulcus
changeable accepts hair color, eye color, body type etc
inferior occipital gyrus
early facial perceptions
inferior occipital gyrus
occipitiotemporal regions amygdala
prospagnosia
face blindness unable to distinguish between faces
verbal facilitation
when receiving verbal descriptions help memory of verbal stimuli
verbal overshadowing
when receiving verbal descriptions hurts memory for visual stimuli
memory
actual events + schematic knowledge+ other experiences+ expectations
Reasons for false memory
suggestibility source monitoring error (forgetting the source) contextual association (at recall that item is very active) fuzzy-trace theory
DRM procedure
group of words asked to say words closely related
activation-source monitoring theory
part 1 = activation part 2 = source monitoring
hippocampus
activates pieces of the memory network
why study false memories?
better understanding eye witness testimony recovered memory issues
schema
office schema: asked to remember what was in the office. people answered with what their schemas wanted to be in the office
Elizabeth Loftus
imagination inflation altered memory hypnosis recovered memories
misinformation effect
trace impairment view: memory has changes coexistence hypothesis: two memories are formed and coexist
metacognition
our knowledge and awareness of our own cognitive processes
metamemory
our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes
monitoring
our ability to reflect and become aware of what we know and what we do not
monitoring accuracy
the extent to which our judgements of what we know correspond to our actual state of knowledge
metacognitive control
our ability to regulate our learning or retrieval based upon our own monitoring
metamemory judgements
the subject reports that people give to indicate whether they think they have learned or can retrieve a target memory
direct access theory
judgements we make are based on the same processes that allow us to remember in the first place

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