KIN 300: EXAM 2

against play generally but allowed bowling, fishing, fowling, or playing cricket, rugby fives (game similar to handball), and marbles; European Puritans: Fishing, hunting, and walking acceptable

Horse racing popular from the beginning, Golf, early croquet, tennis, cricket, shooting matches, sleigh rides, Skittles (in which a ball or flat disk is thrown down an alley at nine skittles or pins), Boating, fishing, hunting, horse racing, and sleighing

founding Fathers enjoyed horse racing, Rugged individualism and competitiveness manifest in wagering on horses (women placed bets), Upper class: requisite social and athletic skills, Riding, dancing, fencing, and conversation, Slaves participated as jockeys and boxers, Some slaves gained freedom by fighting, Cockfighting, bowling, and card playing were engaged in at taverns (initially exclusively for men), Fox hunting and hawking

Harvard

incorporated unique exercises not associated with “traditional” gymnastics devoted efforts to promote women’s health/26 lessons in physiology, two courses in calisthenics/Used light exercises/Wanted students to develop beautiful, strong bodies/ Corrective focus/Mother of American PE/1852 founded the American Women’s Education Association/1856 - Women’s physical training–published a manual of physiology and calisthenics/ Calisthenics/Light exercises for health and beauty

first full professor of Physical Education at Oberlin College

(physical educator) Emphasized benefits of play for development of private and social self/ Believed that play developed social consciousness on which democratic civilization was dependent.

used studies to promote human improvement through exercise/ Anthropometry: cutting edge of P.E. research

California

Purpose: Amalgamated other systems into a scientifically defensible, comprehensive program of physical education./ Activities: calisthenics, German- and Swedish-style exercises, and specialized machine exercise

incorporated unique exercises not associated with “traditional” gymnastics/ devoted efforts to promote women’s health

Purpose: First effort to develop an American system based on grace of Beecher system and scientific nature of the Ling system./ Activities: exercise routines vigorous enough to raise heart rate but not as vigorous as prescribed in German system; routines accompanied by music; social games and dance routines/ Apparatus: beanbags, wands, dumbbells, clubs, hand rings/ First application: The Lewis System was adopted by progressive schools. In 1860, Lewis founded the Boston Normal Institute for Physical Education.

The German System: Purpose: Build a strong, unified Germany by balancing academic and physical education

The Swedish System: Purpose: Regain vigor and national pride and renew spirit of Norse history with a scientific-therapeutic system of gymnastics

The Hitchcock System: Purpose: Physical development with measurement of bodily development baseline and progress over time.

Divided physical education into 4 areas (1910)/ Organic, psychomotor, character, intellect/ Four areas blended to produce 5 objectives: Physical training, Social adjustment, Response powers (early motor learning theory), Character development, Improve thinking (cognition)/ Argued for educational and social objectives over health objectives/ Objected to the idea that sport activities automatically instill in students a series of virtues/ Successfully argued that physical education is essential for education/ Contended that the strategic judgment that physical education could develop was essential for industrial productivity and adult recreation/ Most physical educators eventually embrace play, games, dance, and sport/ Hetherington justified PE in the 19th century by arguing that/ PE required special faculties & leadership/ PE was the only vehicle to condition self-directed health habits/ Exercise was necessary for adult health maintenance

helped in the 1889: Boston conference to develop “American” version of gymnastics/ Discussed strengths of each system

Success in 1932 Olympics and as professional golfer/ Undermined idea that women were unsuited for athletic competition/ leaders for women’s athletics

in 1919 developed first degree program in coaching (University of Illinois)

1837: Reverend Basil Manly succeeded Dr. Woods. Dr. Manly recognized that many of the University’s students were unprepared for university course work and laid the blame on poorly trained teachers. 1844: In response to Dr. Manly’s claim and in recognition of a national educational reform effort, the Normal Department was established.

Late 1920s: Under Dr. Ethel Saxman’s guidance a physical education curriculum was developed for women at the University.

Evolved into the most popular sport on American college campuses/ “King of Intercollegiate Athletics”/ Coaches became national heroes/ Bowl games began with Rose Bowl in 1902/ Trophies and awards were granted/ Heisman Trophy/ Integration of football programs began in the late 1800s/ 1892: first game between two black colleges/ 1905: 18 football players were killed/ Pres. Roosevelt called meeting to reform the game/ Agreement to keep football/ Formed a governing agency for football/ Recruiting violations were also a problem/ 1910: governing agency was renamed the NCAA/ Held an educational role/ Adopted minimum eligibility rules/ 38 charter members who developed the forward pass rule

Played as early as 1894/ Players were blue-collar workers and former college football players/ Struggled to gain legitimacy/ 1920: the American Professional Football Association (APFA) was formed/ Jim Thorpe was the first president/ Teams were first of modern professional football/ APFA name changes to National Football League (NFL)/ Early struggle for respect and popularity/ Key players and advertising help build fan base/ 1946: Color barrier broken when Kenny Washington and Woody Strode join the Los Angeles Rams/ 1960: American Football League (AFL) is formed/ 1966: First Super Bowl/ 1970: Merger of AFL and NFL

Hugely popular at all levels (professional, community, school)/ Reflected societal trends: whites played in the Major League and African Americans played in the Negro League/ Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, the first black to play in the Major League/ Eddie Kelp, a white man, briefly played in the Negro League/ Both men were the object of racial taunting

Dr. James Naismith invented basketball at Springfield College (originally the YMCA)/ Game was an instant success/ YMCA became the “hotbed” of basketball/ High school and colleges adopted the sport/ Popular with both men and women/ Colleges, YMCA, and the AAU all had different sets of rules/ 1915: Joint Committee developed/ Representatives from the NCAA, AAU, and YMCA/ Agreement on uniform rules/ Game caught on quickly around turn of 20th century/ 1896: first basketball leagues formed in Denver/ 1901: Eastern colleges formed Intercollegiate League/ American military introduced the game around the world during World War I

Outlawed in many states in early 20th century/ Popular sport for betting/ Matches often took place in remote locations to avoid bans on boxing and gambling/ “Manly” sport that required courage, brute strength, athletic skill, and an ability to withstand physical punishment and pain.

William Morgan developed the game/ Massachusetts YMCA/ Originally called “minonette” and played over nine innings/ July 1896: first published account of game/ Game was promoted by the YMCA/ Also adopted by the American military

Puritanism was losing its grip. Religion and sport reached a compromise known as Muscular Christianity. Ralph Waldo Emerson developed an American philosophy of self-reliance and faith in human perfection. His philosophy granted sport and fitness a central place. Participation in sport had moral benefits directly opposite to Puritan principles.

(English philosopher) Play as expending excess energy

(educational theorist) Humans played as preparation for life/ Play behavior was instinctual

(psychologist & educator) Influential psychologist early 20th century/ Childhood as rehearsal for the evolution/ Play is fundamental to development of species

(physical educator) Emphasized benefits of play for development of private and social self/ Believed that play developed social consciousness on which democratic civilization was dependent.

made Play a legitimate philosophical concept: “For to speak out once for all, man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when at play.”

(1972) advocated play education, the goal of which was to help students acquire skills and develop an affection for the activities themselves.

Education-through-the-physical philosophy (Thomas Wood, 1893). Social reform through a child centered natural education. Students needed active participation vs. passive.

The physically educated person is one who has fully developed the ability to utilize constructively all of his potential capacities for movement as a way of expressing, exploring, developing, and interpreting himself and his relationship to the world he lives in. The philosophy of human movement advocated a more open, exploratory approach to teaching physical education.

(1973) advocated an approach to physical education that stressed personal development, self-expression, and improved interpersonal relationships as primary goals.

Five core values: Adventure and challenge, Compassion and service, Learning through experience, Personal development, and Social and environmental responsibility

in 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments (sex discrimination) was written

“Father of the Modern Fitness Movement”

Proper use of play creates the foundation for the development of skills necessary in adult life.