42 Cards in this Set
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Native Americans
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lacrosse/baggataway, shinny(m/f), double ball(f), archery, swimming, fishing, canoeing, and snow snaking
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Puritans
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against play generally but allowed bowling, fishing, fowling, or playing cricket, rugby fives (game similar to handball), and marbles; European Puritans: Fishing, hunting, and walking acceptable
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Quakers & Dutch (Mid-Atlantic region)
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Horse racing popular from the beginning, Golf, early croquet, tennis, cricket, shooting matches, sleigh rides, Skittles (in which a ball or flat disk is thrown down an alley at nine skittles or pins), Boating, fishing, hunting, horse racing, and sleighing
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Southerners
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founding Fathers enjoyed horse racing, Rugged individualism and competitiveness manifest in wagering on horses (women placed bets), Upper class: requisite social and athletic skills, Riding, dancing, fencing, and conversation, Slaves participated as jockeys and boxers, Some slaves gained…
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First college gymnasium in America
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Harvard
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Catharine Beecher
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incorporated unique exercises not associated with “traditional” gymnastics devoted efforts to promote women’s health/26 lessons in physiology, two courses in calisthenics/Used light exercises/Wanted students to develop beautiful, strong bodies/ Corrective focus/Mother of American PE/1852 …
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Delphine Hanna
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first full professor of Physical Education at Oberlin College
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Luther Gulick
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(physical educator) Emphasized benefits of play for development of private and social self/ Believed that play developed social consciousness on which democratic civilization was dependent.
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Dudley Sargent
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used studies to promote human improvement through exercise/ Anthropometry: cutting edge of P.E. research
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First state to require pe
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California
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The Sargent System
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Purpose: Amalgamated other systems into a scientifically defensible, comprehensive program of physical education./ Activities: calisthenics, German- and Swedish-style exercises, and specialized machine exercise
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Dioclesian Lewis
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incorporated unique exercises not associated with “traditional” gymnastics/ devoted efforts to promote women’s health
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The Dio Lewis System-
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Purpose: First effort to develop an American system based on grace of Beecher system and scientific nature of the Ling system./ Activities: exercise routines vigorous enough to raise heart rate but not as vigorous as prescribed in German system; routines accompanied by music; social games…
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Friedrick Jahn
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The German System: Purpose: Build a strong, unified Germany by balancing academic and physical education
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Per Henrik Ling
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The Swedish System: Purpose: Regain vigor and national pride and renew spirit of Norse history with a scientific-therapeutic system of gymnastics
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Edward Hitchcock
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The Hitchcock System: Purpose: Physical development with measurement of bodily development baseline and progress over time.
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Clark Hetherington
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Divided physical education into 4 areas (1910)/ Organic, psychomotor, character, intellect/ Four areas blended to produce 5 objectives: Physical training, Social adjustment, Response powers (early motor learning theory), Character development, Improve thinking (cognition)/ Argued for educ…
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Pierre de Coubertin
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helped in the 1889: Boston conference to develop “American” version of gymnastics/ Discussed strengths of each system
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“Babe” Zaharias
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Success in 1932 Olympics and as professional golfer/ Undermined idea that women were unsuited for athletic competition/ leaders for women’s athletics
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George Huff
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in 1919 developed first degree program in coaching (University of Illinois)
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Dr. Basil Manly
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1837: Reverend Basil Manly succeeded Dr. Woods. Dr. Manly recognized that many of the University’s students were unprepared for university course work and laid the blame on poorly trained teachers. 1844: In response to Dr. Manly’s claim and in recognition of a national educational reform …
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Dr. Ethel Saxman
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Late 1920s: Under Dr. Ethel Saxman’s guidance a physical education curriculum was developed for women at the University.
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Development of college football
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Evolved into the most popular sport on American college campuses/ “King of Intercollegiate Athletics”/ Coaches became national heroes/ Bowl games began with Rose Bowl in 1902/ Trophies and awards were granted/ Heisman Trophy/ Integration of football programs began in the late 1800s/ 1892:…
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Professional Football
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Played as early as 1894/ Players were blue-collar workers and former college football players/ Struggled to gain legitimacy/ 1920: the American Professional Football Association (APFA) was formed/ Jim Thorpe was the first president/ Teams were first of modern professional football/ APFA n…
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Baseball
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Hugely popular at all levels (professional, community, school)/ Reflected societal trends: whites played in the Major League and African Americans played in the Negro League/ Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, the first black to play in the Major League/ Eddie Kelp, a wh…
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Basketball
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Dr. James Naismith invented basketball at Springfield College (originally the YMCA)/ Game was an instant success/ YMCA became the “hotbed” of basketball/ High school and colleges adopted the sport/ Popular with both men and women/ Colleges, YMCA, and the AAU all had different sets of rule…
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Boxing
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Outlawed in many states in early 20th century/ Popular sport for betting/ Matches often took place in remote locations to avoid bans on boxing and gambling/ “Manly” sport that required courage, brute strength, athletic skill, and an ability to withstand physical punishment and pain.
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Volleyball
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William Morgan developed the game/ Massachusetts YMCA/ Originally called “minonette” and played over nine innings/ July 1896: first published account of game/ Game was promoted by the YMCA/ Also adopted by the American military
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Muscular Christianity
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Puritanism was losing its grip. Religion and sport reached a compromise known as Muscular Christianity. Ralph Waldo Emerson developed an American philosophy of self-reliance and faith in human perfection. His philosophy granted sport and fitness a central place. Participation in sport had…
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Play theory; Herbert Spencer
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(English philosopher) Play as expending excess energy
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Play theory; Karl Groos
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(educational theorist) Humans played as preparation for life/ Play behavior was instinctual
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Play theory; G. Stanley Hall
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(psychologist & educator) Influential psychologist early 20th century/ Childhood as rehearsal for the evolution/ Play is fundamental to development of species
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Play theory; Luther Gulick
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(physical educator) Emphasized benefits of play for development of private and social self/ Believed that play developed social consciousness on which democratic civilization was dependent.
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Play theory; Friedrick von Schiller
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made Play a legitimate philosophical concept:
“For to speak out once for all, man only plays when in the full meaning of the word he is a man, and he is only completely a man when at play.”
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Play Education & Sport Education (Siedentop)
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(1972) advocated play education, the goal of which was to help students acquire skills and develop an affection for the activities themselves.
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Progressive Education Theory (Wood)
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Education-through-the-physical philosophy (Thomas Wood, 1893). Social reform through a child centered natural education. Students needed active participation vs. passive.
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Human Movement Philosophy (Laban)
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The physically educated person is one who has fully developed the ability to utilize constructively all of his potential capacities for movement as a way of expressing, exploring, developing, and interpreting himself and his relationship to the world he lives in. The philosophy of human m…
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Humanistic Physical Education or Teaching Personal & Social Responsibility (Hellison)
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(1973) advocated an approach to physical education that stressed personal development, self-expression, and improved interpersonal relationships as primary goals.
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Outward Bound/Adventure Education
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Five core values: Adventure and challenge, Compassion and service, Learning through experience, Personal development, and Social and environmental responsibility
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Title IX
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in 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments (sex discrimination) was written
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Aerobics/Kenneth Cooper
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“Father of the Modern Fitness Movement”
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“Recapitulation Theory”—
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Proper use of play creates the foundation for the development of skills necessary in adult life.
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KIN 300: EXAM 3