Study Guide: Terms and Definitions
228 Cards in this Set
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Epithelial Tissue:
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•Simple Squamous Epithelium
•Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•Cuboidal Epithelium
•Columnar Epithelium
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Supportive Connective Tissue:
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•Hyaline Cartilage
•Bone (compact)
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Muscle Tissue:
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•Skeletal Muscle
•Cardiac Muscle
•Smooth Muscle
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Connective Tissue:
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•Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue
•Adipose Tissue
•Dense (Fibrous) Connective Tissue
•Blood
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Nervous
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Neuron
Simple Squamous epithelium
Location:
• Lining of tympanic membrane (eardrum)
• Parts of kidney and testis
• The excretory ducts of many glands
• The inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels
Stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous cells on the top...cuboidal/columnar cell…
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Farsightedness
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Hyperopia
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20/15
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A.Good visual acuity
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Sense of vision
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Photoreception
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Spinal cord
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patellar reflex
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Loudness
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Decibels (dB)
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Semicircular canals
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Equibrioception
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Decreased odor awareness
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Habituation
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Olfaction and gustation
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Chemoreception
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20/100
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Poor visual acuity
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Barrel-shaped chemical receptors on the tongue
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Taste buds
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Pitch
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Frequency (Hz)
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Thermal conditioning
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Thermoreception
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Ability of lens to bend
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Near point accomodation
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Sense of hearing
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Mechanoreception
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Nearsightedness
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Myopia
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Hypodermis
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Layer of loose connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers,
and adipose tissue that connects the skin to the underlying
muscles and bones
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Sweat gland
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Glands that aid in the excretion of waste and help regulate
body temperature
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Pore
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__E_ Opening of sweat gland ducts on the skin’s surface
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Dermis
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The middle skin layer that contains main of the skin sensory
structures
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Hair follicle
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__H_ Structures composed of hard keratin that aid in thermoregulation
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Meissner's corpuscle
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Senses Light touch
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Pacinian corpuscle
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__K_ Senses deep pressure
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Epidermis
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The uppermost regions of the skin which contributes to skin
color
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Dermal papillae
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Small projections of the dermis into the epidermis that produces
ridges on the skin
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Sebaceous gland
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__G_ Glands that produce sebum and are associated with hair follicles
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__I_ Enable hair to stand on end
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Arrector Pili Muscle
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__J_ Provide sensory input for general pain, heat and cold
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Free nerve ending
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Oval window
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__G_ A thin membrane that covers an opening in the cochlea and
is vibrated by the stapes
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External auditory canal
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__B_ Part of the outer ear that leads to the middle ear
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Stapes (stirrup)
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__F_ Third ear bone that vibrates the oval window
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Cochlea
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The hearing organ found in the inner ear connected to the
cochlear nerve
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Pinna (auricle)
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__A_ Part of the outer ear that funnels sound into the ear
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Eustachian (auditory) tube
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__J_ Structure that helps equalize pressure of the middle ear
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Malleus (hammer)
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__D_ First ear bone that helps amplify sound waves
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Tympanic membrane
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A thin membrane that serves as a sound transmitter in the
middle ear
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Incus (anvil)
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__E_ Second ear bone that helps amplify sound waves
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Semicircular canals
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__H_ The balance controlling structure of the inner ear
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__A, F_ Provides protection against STDs
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Abstinence and condom
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Acts as a physical barrier (2)
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Diaphragm
Condom
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Acts as a chemical barrier (1)
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Spermicides
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Uses hormones to prevent egg release (2)
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Implants
The pill/patch
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Requires supervision of a doctor (4)
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Implants
The pill/patch
Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
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Requires surgery (2)
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Tubal Ligation
Vasectomy
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Curable STD's (4)
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Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
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NOT CURABLE STD's (4)
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Genital Warts (HPV)
Hepatitis B
Herpes
HIV/AIDS
Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
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Sensory Receptors
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Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
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Pituitary
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__E_ An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus that
stores and releases hormones that regulate homeostasis
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Corpus callosum
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__A_ The thick band of nerve fibers that connect the R & L
hemispheres of the cortex.
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Cerebellum
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__D_ Functions in unconscious coordination of movement and
balance.
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Thalamus
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Relays sensory and motor signals to the cortex, as well as
regulates sleep, alertness and consciousness.
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Medulla Oblongata
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__C_ Region anterior to the spinal cord that functions in autonomic, homeostatic functions, such as breathing, heart and blood vessel regulation, digestion, etc.
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Bowman’s capsule
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__L_ Epithelial layer surrounding the glomerulus that receives the filtrate from the glomerulus
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Nephron
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__Q_ The functional unit of the mammalian kidney
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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__M_ The first series of tubules following the bowman’s capsule that selectively remove water, ions, and other nutrients and return them to the bloodstream
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Kidney
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__A_ The organ responsible for concentrating metabolic wastes that the body produces from cellular respiration
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Ureter
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__E_ Transports urine to the urinary bladder
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Renal pelvis
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__J_ The region of the kidney that collects the waste draining from the collecting ducts of the nephron
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Loop of Henle
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__N_ The long extension of the nephron tubule that descends into the renal pyramid, allowing for a concentration gradient to remove water and sodium chloride and concentrate urine
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Distal convoluted tubule
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__O_ The last series of nephron tubules that remove water and sodium chloride but absorb potassium
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Glomerulus
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__K_ Collection of blood vessels that force fluid with salts, glucose, vitamins, and nitrogenous wastes out of the bloodstream
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Urinary Bladder
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__F_ Stores urine
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Collecting duct (tubule)
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__P_ Tubes that concentrate urine from several nephrons and drain into the renal pelvis
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Urethra
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__D_ Drains urine from the urinary bladder
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Medulla
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__H_ The middle region of the kidney that houses the renal pyramids
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Renal pyramid
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__I_ Cone shaped tissues of the kidney, mostly composed of collecting ducts
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Renal Vein
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__C_ Transports filtered blood away from the kidney to the vena cava
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Cortex
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__G_ The outer region of the kidney
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Bulbourethral gland
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__G_ Contribute seminal fluid to neutralize the acidity of the urethra, i.e. pre-ejaculate
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Epididymis
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__C_ Location of sperm storage
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Spermatogonia
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__J_ The primordial germ cells that undergo meiosis to produce sperm
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Sertoli cells
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__P_ Provide nourishment for sperm during spermatogenesis
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Vas deferens
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__D_ Tube that transports sperm to the urethra in human males
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Secondary spermatocyte
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__L_ Product of the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis
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Testis
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__B_ Name of male gonad
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Primary spermatocyte
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__K_ Product of the mitotic division occurring during spermatogenesis
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Spermatids
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__M_ Product of the final meiotic division of spermatogenesis
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Seminiferous tubules
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__N_ The location inside the testes where spermatogenesis occurs
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Seminal Vesicles
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__E_ Provide nutrients for sperm and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions
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Penis
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__H_ Structure that deposits semen in the female reproductive tract
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Ductus deferens
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__I_ Tube that transports sperm to the urethra in the male pig
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Scrotum
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__A_ Allows sperm to develop at an optimal temperature
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Prostate gland
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__F_ Secretes a basic component of semen to neutralize the acidity of the vagina
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Leydig cells
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__O_ Produce testosterone inside the testes
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Aortic semilunar valve
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_K__ Valve that prevents backflow into the left ventricle
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Pulmonary artery
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_G__ Vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
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Right atrium
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_A__ First chamber to receive deoxygenated blood
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Pulmonary veins
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_H__ Vessels that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
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Aorta
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_I__ Vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
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Vena cava
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Vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the
heart
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Right AV valve
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_E__ Valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
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_J__ Valve that prevents backflow into the right ventricle
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Left atrium
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_B__ First chamber to receive oxygenated blood
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Right ventricle
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_C__ The chamber of the heart that follows the right atrium
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Left AV valve
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_F__ Valve that prevents backflow into the left atrium
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Left ventricle
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_D__ Largest chamber of the heart which pumps blood out to the body
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Sequence of Blood Flow: Key
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A.Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body
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Aorta
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_E_ Vessel that carries oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body
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Jugular veins
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_B_ Vessels in the neck regions carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart
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Pulmonary artery
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_F_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
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Ductus arteriosis
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_G_ Connection that shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
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Cranial vena cava
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_C_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head region
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Abdominal aorta
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_I_ Portion of the aorta that delivers blood to the abdomen
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Umbilical arteries
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_K_ Vessels carrying deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the mother
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Caudal vena cava
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_D_ Vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from the abdomen to the heart
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Common carotid
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_A_ Vessels in the neck region carrying oxygenated blood to the head
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Foramen ovale
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_H_ Hole in the septum in the heart allowing blood to bypass the lungs
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Umbilical vein
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_J_ Vessel carrying oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus
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Liquid matrix of blood tissue
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A.Plasma
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Also known as white blood cells
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Leukocytes
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Also known as thrombocytes
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Platelets
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Lack nuclei when mature
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Erythrocytes
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Function in fighting infection and producing antibodies
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Leukocytes
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Function in blood clotting
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Platelets
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Makes up 55% of total blood volume
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Plasma
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Cell type vital to gas exchange
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Erythrocytes
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Made up of cell fragments
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Platelets
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Cell type that may contain cytoplasmic granules
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Leukocytes
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Cell type that contains hemoglobin
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Erythrocytes
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Breaks down protein
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Pepsin
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Enzyme that requires a low pH (HCl) to function
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Pepsin
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Produces a blue-black color in the presence of IKI
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Starch
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Breaks down lipids
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Lipase
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The breakdown of this biomolecule produces small peptides
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Protein
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Enzyme produced in the stomach
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Pepsin
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Enzyme that breaks down starch
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Amylase
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The breakdown of this biomolecule decreases the pH of the test solution
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Lipids
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Enzyme produced by the salivary glands
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Amylase
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Enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum
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Lipase
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Enzyme that produces free fatty acids
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Lipase
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Which of the following choices is the correct sequence of digestion in humans:
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A.Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus
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Which of the following choices is the correct sequence of digestion in the fetal pig:
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A.Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, spiral colon, descending colon, rectum, anus
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Produces pepsin and HCl
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Stomach
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First part of the small intestine
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Duodenum
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Produces amylase
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Mandibular gland
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Stores bile
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Gallbladder
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Last part of the small intestine
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Ileum
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Secretes bicarbonate and lipase into the duodenum
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Pancreas
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Harbors symbiotic bacteria to breakdown cellulose in herbivores
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Cecum
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Organ where protein breakdown occurs
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Stomach
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Name of reduced cecum in humans
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Appendix
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Produces bile
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Liver
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Bulk of small intestine
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Jejunum
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Functions in nutrients absorption
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Small intestine
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Functions in water re-absorption
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Large intestine
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Covers the trachea during swallowing
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Epiglottis
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Cranial Surfaces
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Suture Joint
provides highest degree of strength but allows no motion.
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Femur/Tibia
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Condylar Joint
permits movement in only one plane
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Atlas/Axis
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Pivot Joint
permits rotating movement.
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Femur/Ishium (Pelvis)
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Spheroidal Joint
permits greatest range of motion.
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Metacarpals/Phalanges
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Hinge Joint
permits movement in only one plane.
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Between Carpals
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Gliding Joint
permits only slight movement, but in all directions.
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Ribs
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Flat
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Patella
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Sesamoid
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Vertebrae
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Irregular
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Carpals
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Short
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Scapula
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Flat
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Femur
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Long
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Phalanges
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Long
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Pelvic bones
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Irregular
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Radius
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LONG
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Facial bones
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Irregular
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Tarsals
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Short
Dense (fibrous) CT
PURPLE dots=nuclei of fibroblasts
All the PINK=Thick collagen fibers
Location:
• Muscle attachments to bone (tendons)
• Bone attachments to bone (ligaments)
• Palm of the hand
• Abdominal wall
In between the last set of walking legs= white spot
G…
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Segmentation
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Segmentation:
Contraction of circular muscle layer which aids in mixing partially digested food and pushing the food mass forward within the intestines. (Steps 1 & 3)
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Peristalsis
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Peristalsis:
Contraction of longitudinal muscle layer which helps propel the food along the tract. (Step 2)
Crayfish Digestive System EXTERNAL
1. Mandible (mouth)
2. Ventral view
Crayfish Internal Digestive system
1. Stomach
2. Digestive Gland
3. Intestine
4. Anus (ventral Side…
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Atherosclerosis
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Build up of plaque within the walls of the heart’s arteries can impede blood flow -- leading to total obstruction, arrhythmia, or increased probability of a blood clot.
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Which are Granulocytes or Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes:1 Neutrophils, 2Eosinophils, 3Basophils
Agranulocytes: 4Lymphocytes, 5Monocytes
Function:
• Fight infection and produce anti-bodies
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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*A hereditary condition that results in abnormal
hemoglobin production and misshapen red blood cells.
These sickle-shaped cells are inefficient at carrying oxygen
and can easily clog capillaries and can have fatal effects.
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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*Note the overproduction of lymphocytes
compared to the normal blood smear
BLOOD SMEAR WITH MORE PURPLE ABNORMAL LYMPHOCYTES
1.Common carotid
2.Internal jugular 3.External jugular
4.Superior vena cava 5.Inferior vena cava*
6.Right atrium 7.Right ventricle 8.Left …
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FETAL vs ADULT CIRCULATION 1st major difference
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The first major difference between fetal and adult circulation:
•Umbilical cord circulation: this collection of vessels allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the fetus and carbon dioxide and metabolic waste to pass from the fetus to the mother.
•Umbilical arteries carry…
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FETAL vs ADULT CIRCULATION 2nd major difference
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The second major difference between fetal and adult circulation:
•Ductus arteriosus: a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing a large quantity of blood to bypass the lungs.
•Since the fetus is not breathing wi…
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FETAL vs ADULT CIRCULATION 3rd major difference
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The third major difference between fetal and adult circulation:
•Foramen ovale: an opening in the septum between the right and left atria to allow blood passing into the right atrium to be channeled into the left atrium, mostly bypassing the lungs (see *)
•Since the fetus is not breathi…
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Negative Pressure Breathing
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Human inhalation is based on negative pressure. When the diaphragm contracts it lowers which causes the pressure inside of the lungs to fall below atmospheric pressure. Since gas tends to travel from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure, it causes the surrounding air to enter…
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Spermatogenesis
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Spermatogonia undergo Meiosis
The first division is mitotic, producing two primary spermatocytes (2N).
The meiotic division of each primary spermatocyte produces two secondaryspermatocytes (1N).
Finally, the meiotic division of each secondary spermatocyte produces two spermatids(a.k.a.…
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Corpus Luteum
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In mammals, this structure develops following release of a secondary oocyte from the follicle during ovulation. This mass of glandular connective tissue produces progesterone and estrogen to inhibit release of another egg and to thicken theendometrium of the uterus for implantation of a f…
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Oogenesis
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Oogenesis is the process by which a mature egg is produced in the ovary. The process begins with an oogonium (2N) which undergoes mitosis to produce a primary oocyte (2N).
The primary oocyte (2N) undergoes meiosis I producing a secondary oocyte (1N) and the first polar body that is disc…
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Corpus luteum
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__H_ Tissue that releases estrogen and progesterone after ovulation to inhibit release of another egg.
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Second polar body
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__O_ Discarded product of the second meiotic division of oogenesis
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Oogonium
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__J_ The primordial germ cells that undergo meiosis to produce an egg
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Uterine horn
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__C_ Site of implantation and embryonic development in the female pig
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Oviduct
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__B_ Receives egg at ovulation and is the site of fertilization
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Secondary oocyte
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__L_ Product of the first meiotic division of oogenesis
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Ovary
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__A_ The female gonad that produces eggs, estrogen and progesterone
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First polar body
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__M_ Discarded product of the first meiotic division of oogenesis
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Cervix
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__F_ The tissue separating the uterus and vagina
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Endometrium
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__G_ The inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels
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primary oocyte (2N)
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__K_ Product of the mitotic division that occurs during oogenesis
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Uterus
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__D_ Site of implantation and embryonic development in human females
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Vagina
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__E_ Part of the female reproductive tract that receives the penis and sperm during copulation.
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Graafian follicle
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__I_ Mature ovarian follicle
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Ovum
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__N_ Produce of the second meiotic division of oogenesis
Neuron Diagram
1. Axon
2. Myelin sheath (schwann Cells)
3. Cell body with nucleus
4. Dendrites
5. node of ranvier
6. synaptic ends
Spinal cord
1. White matter
2. Central canal
3. Grey matter
Spinal Cord Diagram
1. Dorsa…
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Spinal cord explanation
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Spinal nerves carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. These nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The dorsal rootof each spinal nerve carries sensory axons while each ventral root carries motor axons. This arrangement allows fo…
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Lens
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__C_ A flexible, transparent structure that bends to focus light on the retina
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Ciliary body
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__L_ Has suspensory ligaments that hold the lens in place and allow the lens to bend
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Fovea centralis
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__K_ High concentration of cone cells responsible for good visual acuity
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Optic nerve
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__E_ Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
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Cornea
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__A_ Transparent, curved part of the eye that allows light rays to converge as they enter the eye
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Retina
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__J_ Layer of photoreceptors and sensory neurons
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Pupil
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__D_ Hole in the iris to allow light to pass through to the retina
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Anterior Chamber
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__F_ Fluid-filled chamber in the front part of the eye
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Sclera
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__G_ The outer protective structure of the eye
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Tapetum lucidum
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__N_ Iridescent sheen that improves night vision of nocturnal mammals
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Posterior cavity/ vitreous humor
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__M_ Jelly-like mass that helps hold the lens in place and maintain eye shape
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Iris
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__B_ The pigment muscular structure that controls the amount of light that enters the eye
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Blind spot (optic disk)
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__I_ Contains no photoreceptors because the sensory fibers exit into the optic nerve at this location
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Outer ear (2) Middle Ear (4) Inner ear (3)
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pinna, external auditory canal
Tympanic Membrane, Malleus, Stapes, Eustachian tubes
Cochlea, semicircular canals, oval window
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Fxn of ridges on fingertips.
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Help us grip things better when picking stuff up
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Olfactory bulb
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The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors.
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Mechanoreceptors
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Pacinian corpuscles
Meissners
merkel discs
Ruffini Endings
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Nephron fxns 3
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Filtration: Bowman's capsule
Reabsorption: Proximal convoluted tubule
Secretion: Collecting duct
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How long blood filtered
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0.22 minutes
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Abnormal Urinalysis tests
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PH: acidic or alkaline
Specific Gravity: Hyposthenuria (chronic Diabetes insipidus) or hypersthenuria (acute Diabetes Mellitus)
Glucose=Glycosuria
Protein=Albuminurea
Ketone=Ketonuria=lack of carbs
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Litmus
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PH indicator...enzyme is working if there is color change....more breakdown of fat=less color
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Systole vs diastole
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Systole=heart is contracting...ventricles contract
Diastole=heart is relaxed...ventricles relaxed.
Diastolic is important in terms of hypertension because this could show signs of elasticity problems in the veins
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Antigen
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Stimulates production of antibody
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Antibody
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Protein secreted in response to an antigenic stimulus; immune defense
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Agglutination
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The clumping together of RBC's or bacteria in response to a particular antibody.
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Leukocytes vs RBC
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largest are WBC
Smallest are RBC
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smallest fxnl unit in lung tissue
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alveoli
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apical surface os ciliated
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to move unwanted molecules/substances out of the bronchioles
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CT makes up rings of trachea
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HYALINE CARTILAGE must be rigid to allow continuous airflow
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Exoskeleton made of
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CHITIN- a strong structural polysaccharide
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Analogous structure
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traits that are similar in function but derived from SHARED COMMON ANCESTOR. Arise from CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
A bat wing is analogous to a bird wing but not homologous
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Homologous structure
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Structures in different species that are similar b/c of COMMON ANCESTRY. they have SHARED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY but are NOT necessarily fxnlly similar. Bird wing and whale fin are both modified tetrapod forelimbs, but one is used for swimming and the other is used for flying.
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Study Guide: Terms and Definitions