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BSC 215: TEST 4
Olivary Nuclei
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Relays info to the cerebellar cortex concerning somatic motor centers at higher levels.
include Nucleus Gracilis and Nucleus Cuneatus
Site of Decussation
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What are the 3 major groups of neurons that reside in the medulla oblongata?
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Autonomic nuclei - visceral activities
Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Olivary Nuclei
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Region of Sensory and Motor info regulation and sending info where 80% of info is processed in higher areas.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Medulla Oblongata
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Connects the brain with the Spinal Cord
Relay stations and Reflex centers
Olivary Nuclei
Cardiovascular and respiratory (vasomotor) rhythmic centers
Reticular formation begins in the medulla oblongata and extends into more superior portions of the brian stem. Remember the RAS
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What is the function of the Pons
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Coordinates heart rate and respiration.
carry and/or relay sensory and motor information
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The Pons contains:
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Sensory and motor nuclei for four cranial nerves (V,VI,VII,VIII)
Nuclei that help control Respiration
Nuclei and tracts that link the cerebellum with the brian stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
ascending, descending, and transverse tracts. This is one of the only instances for transverse tracts.
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Cerebellum function
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Integration of skeletal muscles.
Adjusts postural muscles and tunes on-going movements
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The Cerebellum is made up of
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Cerebellar Hemispheres
anterior and posterior lobes
vermis
flocculonodular lobe
Superior, middle, and inferior cerbellar peduncles
link cerebellum with brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
interconnects the two cerebellar hemispheres
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the unusual structure of the cerebellum
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spaghetti stuff are axonal tracts. All cells must contact each other and eventually lead to the Pons and Medulla.
They are nothing but myelinated axons
Govern skeletal muscles.
Called "Arbor Vitae" or the "Tree of Life"
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What happens when the Pons are injured?
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It will effect the Heart and Respiration RT and ____
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What is the role of the mesacephalon?
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controls basic homeostatic functions
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Mesencephalon is made up of
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Tectum (roof) contains the corpora quadrigemina, AKA the 4 marbles
superior and inferior colliculi - are in charge of the fine-tuned control of motor activity
The processors of the fine-tuned activity
red nucleus
substantia nigra
cerebral peduncles
RAS headquarters (heightens/decreases attention)
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Diencephalon made up of (3)
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Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
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Thalamus does what?
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It is the final relay point for ascending sensory info. (between upper and lower regions of the brain)
It coordinates the activities of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
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They Hypothalamus does what? (8)
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controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious level (everything we don't think about)
controls autonomic function
coordinates activities of the endocrine and nervous systems
secretes hormones that lead to the release of 9 hormones from the Pituitary Gland.
produces emotions and behavioral drives
coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions (Fight or Flight)
regulates body temperature
coordinates circadian cycles of activity
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Cerebrum is associated with ____
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highest though processing
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Limbic System includes (5)
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Amygdaloid Body
Cingulated Gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Fornix
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Functions of the limbic system
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emotions and behavioral drives
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A tumor in limbic system resulting in violence would include what 3 parts of the LS?
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Amygdaloid body
Parahippocalmpal gyrus
Hippocampus
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What two parts of the limbic system are involved in memory?
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Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
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The Cerebral Cortex's convolutions and lobe separation
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Gyri and Sulci/Fissures
Longitudinal fissures separates two cerebral hemispheres (when looking at the hemispheres you are looking at 83% of the brain cells that do processing)
Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes
Temporal and Occipital lobes also bounded by sulci
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What are the 5 lobes of the brain
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frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
insula - very deep to the brain
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Each Lobe has 3 basic regions
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Cerebral Cortex
White Matter
Basal Nuclei
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Cerebral Cortex has __ neurons, __ layers and what 3 functions?
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billions
6
moror, sensory and association
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Basal Nuclei
3 primary structures
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They all, but mostly the Putamen, control muscle tone and coordination, learned movement patterns.
Caudale
Globus
Putamen
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Learned patterns
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Believe we learn things in patterns.
More you learn it strengthens the route.
You can increase speed of the patten the more you wok on learning a movement, the faster you can use it.
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Primary Motor Areas (4) and location
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Located in Precentral Gyrus in both sides of the brain
Motor Axons
Premotor Corte
Broca's Area
Frontal Eye Field
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Primary Motor Area:
Motor Axons
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huge nerve cells and axons.
Pyramal Cells make up cortica spinal tract, which is a direct pathway
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Primary Motor Area:
Premotor Cortex
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Of the primary motor cortex this is the most important
Involved in selection and sequencing
Select patterns to use and will coordinate them.
Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills and coordinates movements.
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Primary Motor Area:
Broca's Area
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Only in the Left Forebrain
For production of speech. enables you to talk.
Fasia - inability to speak. Leads to a diagnosis of stroke in specific area of the brain.
motor to the mouth and tongue -- hypoglossal.
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Primary Motor Area:
Frontal Eye Field
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Has nothing to do with vision.
Controls and regulates the eye movements.
damage to these muscles can lead to fixed vision.
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Primary Sensory Cortex |
Involved in spacial discrimination - allows you to navigate spacial world
Somatosensory Association Areas
Visual Association
Auditory Association
Vestibular
Olefactory
Gustatory
Visceral
Wernickes
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Primary Sensory Area:
Somatosensory Association Cortex
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-Located posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
-Integrates sensory information (temp. and pressure)
-Forms comprehensive understanding of stimulus
-Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts using stored memory
ex: knowing coin w/o looking
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Primary Sensory Area:
Visual Association Area
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-Surrounds the primary visual cortex
-Retinal Input -- Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, and movement) from past visual experience
DEFECT- stroke would lead to someone seeing a table but not knowing the object by name or function
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Primary Sensory Area:
auditory association area
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posterior to the primary auditory cortex
permits evaluation of different sounds
processes auditory stimuli serially and in parallel
posterolateral = where
anterolateral = what
in the center of the wernickes area (recognizing and understanding speech)
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Primary Sensory Area:
Vestibular cortex
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Processes information from the vestibular apparatus
- responsible for conscious awareness of sense of balance (position of the head in space)
- located in the posterior part of the insula lobe, deep to the lateral sulcus
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Primary Sensory Area:
Olfactory
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In medial temporal lobe
perception of smell.
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Primary Sensory Area:
Gustatory
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Taste and taste discrimination
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Primary Sensory Area:
Visceral
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Conscious perception of visceral sensations
ie: upset stomach, needing to urinate, feeling of fullness
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Primary Sensory Area:
Wernickes
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On left Temporal Lobe
Allows for understanding of what is being spoken to you.
In the event of a severe stoke -- cannot understand speech -- can say words, but not logical sentences.
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the spinal cord is protected by? (4)
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vertebral column
the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
denticulate ligaments
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what are the three meninges?
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dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
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where does the spinal cord begin and end?
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as an extension of the medulla oblongata and ends at the second lumbar.
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what is the inferior portion of the spinal cord and what develops from it?
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the conus medullaris; the filum terminale and cauda equina
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what kind of nerves to dorsal roots contain and what kind do ventral roots contain?
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dorsal: sensory or afferent
ventral: motor, or efferent
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what divides the spinal cord into left and right sides?
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the anterior median fissure and the posterior median sulcus
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the grey matter is divided into ___ while the white matter into ___.
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horns, columns
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how many spinal nerves are there and how are they divided?
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31 pairs:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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Spinal nerves are ___ nerves
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mixed (have both motor and sensory axons)
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What are the three connective tissue coverings for the spinal nerves?
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endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium.
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the cervical plexus supplies:
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the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and upper part of the shoulders. Connect with the cranial nerves to innervate the diaphragm.
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the brachial plexus supplies:
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upper limbs and several neck and shoulder muscles.
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Nerves of the lumbar plexus supply
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the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs.
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Nerves of the sacral plexus supply
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the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower limbs.
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Nerves of the coccygeal plexus supply
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skin of the coccygeal region.
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Intercostal (thoracic) nerves do what?
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Anterior rami. T2-T12
supply intercostal spaces.
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what are dermatomes?
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region of the skin innervated by sensory neurons within the spinal nerves and the V nerve.
Act as landmarks when trying to asses spinal nerve damage.
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Sensory input in the white matter travels along what two routes?
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posterior columns and the spinothalmic tract.
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Motor output travels along what two main routes in the white matter?
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direct and indirect pathways.
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Where does spinal reflex information get integrated?
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the grey matter of the spinal cord.
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What kind of reflexes are there?
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spinal/cranial
somatic/autonomic
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what are the component of a reflex arc?
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sensory receptor,
sensory neuron
integrating center
moror neuron
effector
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What are the somatic spinal reflexes? (4)
what kind of innervation do they have?
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stretch (ipsilateral - muscle tone)
tendon
flexor (withdrawal)
crossed extensor
+ these are exhibit reciprocal innervation
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what is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs?
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mono: 1 sensory and 1 motor (patellar)
poly: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons (crossed extensor and tendon, and flexor (withdrawal))
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the tendon reflex is ____ and achieves what?
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ipsilateral
prevents damage to muscles and tendons when muscle force becomes too extreme. dropping a heavy weight.
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The flexor reflex is ____ and does what?
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ipsilateral
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
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crossed extensor reflex is a ____ reflex does what?
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polysynaptic
contra laterally moves the body to a limb that can support the full weight of the body when there is a painful stimulus.
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what are the 4 main parts of the brain?
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cerebellum
brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
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brainstem is continuous with, and consists of the (3)
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spinal cord:
medulla oblongata,
pons,
midbrain
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the cerebellum is ___ to the brain stem.
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posterior |
the diencephalon is ____ to the brain stem and consists of (3)
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superior
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
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the cerebrum is ___
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the largest part of the brain
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The cranial meninges structure. outer to inner:
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dura mater (2 layers: periosteal is external and the meningeal layer which is internal)
arachnoid mater
pia mater
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the falx ceribri, falx cerebelli, and the tentorium cerebelli:
|
separates:
the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
separates the cerebrum from the cerebelli
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How does blood flow to the brain? and out of the brain?
|
through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins that to to the heart.
|
the brain uses __ % of the body's oxygen and glucose.
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20.
the glucose must be brought into the brain as well. it is not stored in the brian.
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The BBB
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Made up of endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries.
astrocytes
glucose crosses by active transport.
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Incomplete BBB areas
|
Hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal gland
choroid plexus
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CFS
where is it and what are the functions?
|
circulates in the subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid and pia)
Lateral ventricle (one on each side), third and fourth ventricles.
Mechanical protection: shock absorber.
Homeostatic Function: pH , transports polypeptide hormones from the hypothalamic neurons
circulation: nutrients and waste.
|
what two cranial nerves are distributed to the tongue?
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glossopharyngeal and the trigeminal
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White matter v. grey matter
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w: myelinated and umnyelinated axons. Information Transfer/Transport.
g: cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia. Integration and command initiation.
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Horns of Spinal Cord
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Posterior Grey Horn: Somatic and Visceral Sensory Nuclei
Anterior Grey Horn: Somatic Motor Neurons
Lateral Grey Horn: Visceral Motor Neurons
Grey Commissures: Axons that cross from one side to the other.
|
White matter is divided ___
|
into 6 columns, called Funiculi, into tracts
Ascending tracts : sensory info from the spinal cord to the brain
Descending tracts : motor info from the brain to the spinal cord.
|
Spinal nerves have what 3 layers?
|
epineurium (outer)
perineurium (middle)
endoneurium (inner)
|
spinal nerves had branches call ___. (4)
|
Rami
White ramus -- myelinated axons
gray ramus -- unmyelinated axons -- innervate glands and smooth muscles
dorsal ramus -- sensory and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back.
ventral ramus -- supplying ventrolateral body surface, body wall and limbs.
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White Ramus
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mylenated Axons
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Grey Ramus
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Unmylenated axons that innervate glands and smooth muscles
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Dorsal Ramus
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sensory and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back
|
Look at the diagram on slide 28
|
... |
each nerve innervates what?
|
a dermatome
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Ventral Ramus
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Supply ventrolateral body surface, body wall, and limbs
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the spinal nerves that extend, branch and connect eventually become _____
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the peripheral nerves
|
what is a dermatome?
|
a specific area of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
|
dermatomes and symptoms:
aching in a dermatome
pain in a dermatome
|
aching: oxygen debt
pain: referral pattern from another source.
|
somatic reflexes control
|
skeletal muscles
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Monosynaptic v. polysynaptic reflexes
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mono - sensory to motor
poly - sensory to interneuron to motor (longer delay in stimulus and response)
|
In the primary motor cortex that does the precentral gyrus direct?
|
voluntary movements
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The primary sensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus receives somatic sensory info such as?
|
touch
pressure
pain
taste
temperature
|
Association areas control what ability?
|
to understand sensory info and coordinate a response
somatic sensory association area
visual association area
somatic motor association area
|
Prefrontal cortex coordinates what and performs what?
|
coordinates info from secondary and special association areas
performs abstract intellectual functions.
|
Hemispheric differences of the cortex
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left: speech and language skills
right: spatial relationships and analysis.
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Alpha waves
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healthy resting adult
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beta waves
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concentrating adult
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theta waves
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normal children
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delta waves
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normal during sleep
|
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? where do they attach?
|
12
ventrolateral surface of the brainstem
|
what nerve relays taste sensations?
|
facial nerves (VII)
|
Descending Pathways:
Direct v. Indirect
|
Direct : convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle.
indirect: nerve impulses from the brain stem to cause automatic movements and help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli.
|
4 levels of consciousness
|
alertness
drowsiness/lethargic
stupor
coma
|
Sincopy
|
feinting experience.
clinically unconscious
|
GI is most active during ____ ?
|
sleep
|
Levels of sleep
|
Awake/Alert
REM - skeletal muscles inhibited except for eye and diaphragm. Dreaming occurs here
non REM --
relaxation (alpha)
irregulatory (sleep spindles)
sleep deepens. (theta and delta. drop in vitals)
eeg - all delta waves. stage for night terrors.
|
Orexin is a hormone associated with ____ ?
|
sleep |
ANS 2 divisions
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
NT release in the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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pre-Ach and post-NE/E
pre and post-Ach
|
dualinnervation |
receiving input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
|
Hypothalamus regulates what system?
|
the Autonomic system is highly regulated by what?
|
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems pre and post ganglionic lengths
|
sympathetic
pre = short, post = long
parasympathetic
pre = long, post = short
|
What is the order in a somatic reflex arc v an ANS reflex arc?
|
Receptor/Sensory Neruon/Integrating Center/Motor Neuron/Effector
Receptor/Sensory Neuron/Interneuron/Motor Neuron/Effector
|
Most B's enhance _______ activity
|
metabolic |
Nitric Oxide
|
can work like an NT in the ANS. A bi-product of cellular damage.
|
Parasympathetic post ganglions terminate where?
|
In the organ or in the wall of the organ
|
Post gang. signals tend to have what kind of effect? why
|
immediate b/c they are localized releases that don't have to travel through the entire blood system for delivery.
|
normal state for pupil is ____?
|
constricted
|
Sympathetic is to ________ as Parasympathetic is to ________.
|
Catabolic.
Anabolic.
|
what are the two kinds of Cholinergic receptors?
|
Nicotinic and Muscarinic
|
Where are NIcotinic receptors primarily located?
|
Plasma membrane of postgang. symp. and parasymp. nerons
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae
Sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plate)
|
Nicotinic receptors tend to be excitatory or inhibitory?
|
Excitatory |
Where are Muscarinic receptors mostly found?
|
Effectors innercated by parasymp. post gang. neurons
swear glands innnervated by colinergic symp. post gang. neurons
Skeletal muscle blood vessels innervated by cholinergic symp. postgang. neurons.
|
Muscarinic receptors tend to be excitatory or inhibitory?
|
Both |
α1 |
smooth muscle fibers.
mucosal membranes,
iris of eye
salivary glands
sweat glands.
Excitation
|
α2
|
decreases cAMP
smooth muscles
pancreas
platelets in blood
inhibition
|
β1 |
Metabolic Effects and increases cAMP in cytoplasm
Cardiac muscle fibers
Kidney
Pitutitary
Adipose cells
Excitation
|
β2
|
relaxation of Smooth muscles
Ciliary muscles in eye
Liver
Inhibition
|
β3 |
Brown Adipose Tissue
Lipolysis
Thermogenesis
|
3 kinds of sympathetic ganglia
|
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Collateral
Suprarenal Medullae
|
Sympathetic chan ganglia
|
both sides of vertebra
thoracic cavity
head and limbs
in body wall
|
Collateral Ganglia
|
anterior to vertebral cavities
tissues and organs of the abdomnopelvic cavity |
Suprarenal Medullae
|
Adrenal glands
Released into bloodstream
|
splanich cells and c___ cells
and
|
... |