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COM 225: EXAM 1
Communication |
The process whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality
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Communication Competence |
The ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner
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Per-formative Competence |
Surface Level:
Performance of behaviors that can be seen
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Process Competence |
Everything we have to know to perform
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Culture |
The set of values, beliefs, customs, and codes that bind people together
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Meta-communication |
Communication about communication
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Intrapersonal |
Talking to ourselves
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Interpersonal |
Communication between two people
Dyadic
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Small Group |
As soon as a third person joins the conversation
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Organizational |
Strongly defined hierarchy
Roles are more specialized
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Face-to-face Public Communication |
Single speaker addresses large group of people
Most formal type of communication
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Development Approach |
Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg
Interpersonal communication only achieved when people are at psychological level of analysis
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Cultural Level |
General information that applies to all members
Example: Sex or age
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Sociological Level |
Membership and groups people belong in
Example: Religious groups, sports teams
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Psychological Level |
Based on unique, personal attributes
Example: Hopes and fears, what's going on in person's mind
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Natural Language Label |
Words used to describe a relationship
Ex: Friend, lover, acquaintance
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Criteria Attributes |
Characteristics a relationship must have to be classed by given label
Ex: Trust, comfort, respect
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Communicative Indicators |
Behaviors that display an attribute
Ex: keeping a secret, giving honest feedback
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Content Messages |
Message about the topic at hand
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Relational Messages |
Message about relationship itself
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Interpersonal Communication Myths |
Solves problems
Always a good thing
It's common sense
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Situational Approach |
Defines interpersonal in terms of its external characteristics
- Number of people
- Physical proximity
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Nonverbal Communication |
Must ha e some degree of intentionality and consciousness
60-93% of communication
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Spontaneous Communication |
Sender's non-voluntary display of inner emotional states
Natural gestures
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Symbolic Communication |
Use of symbols to convey specific messages
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Dimensions of Feeling |
Liking
Status
Responsiveness
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Verbal Messages |
Completing
Accenting
Repeating
Substituting
Contradicting
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Proxemics |
Use of space
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Territoriality |
Public
Interactional
Home
Body
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Kinesics |
Body movement
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Emblems |
Gestures that can stand on their own
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Illustrators |
Add to verbal message but can't stand alone
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Affect Displays |
Emotions
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Regulators |
Starting, continuing, or ending conversation
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Adaptors |
Used to manage anxiety
Ex: Chew on lip, play with hair, tap desk
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Artifacts |
Physical Appearance
-Clothing
-Facial Features
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Vocalics |
Things you do with your voice that is not talking
- Qualities
- Characteristics
- Segregates
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Chronemics |
Use of time
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Olfactics |
Smell
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Haptics |
Touch
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Expectancy Violations Theory |
Compensation: adjusting back to previous level
Reciprocating: do what they do
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Analogic Codes |
Indicate meaning by being similar to what they convey
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Digital Codes |
Meaning is conveyed symbolically
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Semantic Meaning |
Morpheme: linguistic unit of meaning
Denotative meaning: Dictionary meaning
Connotative meaning: Emotionally charged meaning
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Syntactic Meaning |
Words are combined and ordered into grammatical sequences
Word order
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Pragmatic Meaning |
Language used in actual interaction
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Speech Acts |
Things we intend language to do for us
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Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) |
Constitutive: How to recognize speech acts
Regulative rules: appropriate and inappropriate speech acts
Episodes: set of acts that fit together naturally
Life Script: your sense of self
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Linguistic Determinism |
Language determines the way we interpret the world
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Linguistic Relativity |
Speakers of different languages will experience the world differently
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Cooperative Communication |
Brief
Honest
Relevant
Clear |
Female Register |
Qualifiers: kind of, maybe
Tag endings: right? okay?
Dusclaimers: I might be wrong...
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Approximeeting |
Avoiding scheduling specific appointments but instead to rely on cell phone communication to make and revise plans
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Process Perspective |
Becoming aware of what's going on when you communicate
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Implicit Knowledge |
Knowledge that we don't have to think about
Use unconsciously
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Minimal Competence |
Lowest level of role competence
Act out roles in traditional ways
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Satisfactory Competence |
Middle level of role competence
Change some role behavior but are not able to work out problems by creating new roles
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Optimal Competence |
Highest level of role competence
People know when to adapt to social roles and when not to
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Realtionshipping |
The process of building and maintaining healthy relationships
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
There is a relationship between language, thought, and action
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Nonperson |
Someone who is not treated as a real person
Able to violate personal space without appearing threatening
Ex: Restaurant server, hairdresser
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Equivocal Communication |
Messages that are ambiguous, uncertain, and open to more than one interpretation
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Looking vs. Seeing |
Looking: Gazing in the general direction of another person's eyes, eye contact
Seeing: Visual contact with the whole person, not just eyes or face
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Elaborated Code |
Middle class speakers
Convey information
Meanings are coded into words
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Restricted Code |
Working class speakers
Used to create social solidarity
Assumes listeners will pick up information from context
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Muted-group Theorists |
Subordinate groups are often silenced
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