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ANS 110: REPRODUCTION
Anestrous |
Period of time when the female is not in estrous; can be the non-breeding season.
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Artificial Insemination (AI) |
Placement of semen into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural service.
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Barrow |
Male swine castrated before reaching puberty.
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Boar |
Male swine which has reached sexual maturity.
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Bovine
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Term used to refer to cattle.
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Breeding |
The process of introducing semen into the female reproductive tract; can be by natural or artificial means.
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Bull |
Male bovine that has reached sexual maturity.
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Bull Calf |
Young bull generally less than 20 months of age.
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Calf |
Young bovine (male or female) under one year of age.
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Calving |
The process of giving birth to a calf - parturition.
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Castrate |
Removal of the testicles.
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Colt |
A young male horse or donkey.
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Conception |
The point at which sperm penetrates the egg; when pregnancy begins.
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Cow |
A female bovine that has reached sexual maturity, generally used for females that have given birth to a calf.
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Dry
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Refers to a female animal that is not lactating.
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Equine |
Term used to refer to horses.
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Estrous |
The ovulation cycle of female mammals.
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Estrus |
The period during the estrous cycle when the female is receptive to breeding; also termed "heat".
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Ewe |
A female sheep that has reached sexual maturity.
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Ewe Lamb |
A female sheep that has not reached sexual maturity.
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Farrowing |
The process of giving birth to a litter of pigs - parturition.
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Filly |
The young female horse.
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Foal |
A newborn male or female horse.
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Foaling |
The process of giving birth to a foal - parturition.
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Freshen |
the act of giving birth and beginning lactation; usually used in conjunction with dairy cattle.
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Gelding |
A male horse that has been castrated.
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Gestation |
The time period from conception until given birth.
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Gilt |
Female swine that not yet given birth.
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Heifer |
A young female bovine that has not yet given birth.
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Lactation |
The period of secretion and production of milk.
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Lamb |
Young male or female sheep.
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Lambing |
The process of giving birth to a lamb - parturition.
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Mare |
Female horse that has reached sexual maturity; usually refers to a female that has given birth.
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Open |
Refers to a non-pregnant female after she reaches puberty.
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Ovine |
Term used to refer to sheep.
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Parturition |
The process of giving birth.
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Pregnancy |
The carrying of one or more offspring in the uterus.
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Puberty |
The stage when male or female reproductive organs become fully functional.
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Ram (Buck) |
A sexually mature male sheep or goat.
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Service |
To breed or mate; usually by natural means.
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Settle |
To become pregnant.
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Stallion (Stud) |
A sexually mature male horse.
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Steer |
A male bovine that has been castrated before reaching sexual maturity.
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Wether |
A male sheep that has been castrated before reaching sexual maturity.
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Sow
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Female swine which has reached sexual maturity; usually refers to a female that has given birth.
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Cattle Duration of Copulation |
1 - 3 seconds
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Cattle Volume per Ejaculate |
3 - 8 mL
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Cattle Sperm Concentration |
800 - 2,000 mil per mL
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Cattle Site of Semen Deposit |
Vagina
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Sheep Duration of Copulation |
1 - 2 seconds
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Sheep Volume per Ejaculate |
0.8 - 2.0 mL
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Sheep Sperm Concentration |
2,000 - 3, 000 mil per mL
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Sheep Site of Semen Deposit |
Vagina/Cervix
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Swine Duration of Copulation |
5 - 20 minutes
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Swine Volume per Ejaculate |
150 - 350 mL
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Swine Sperm Concentration |
200 - 300 mil per mL
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Swine Site of Semen Deposit |
Cervix/Uterus
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Horses Duration of Copulation |
20 - 60 seconds
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Horses Volume per Ejaculate |
60 - 100 mL
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Horses Sperm Concentration |
150 - 300 mil per mL
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Horses Site of Semen Deposit |
Cervix/Uterus
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Gestation Periods
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Cow: 285 days
Ewe: 147 days
Sow: 114 days (3 mo, 3 wk, 3 days)
Mare: 336 days (Range varies greatly)
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Factors Affecting Gestation Period
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Species
Breed (Sire)
Gender
Number of Offspring
Season
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Typical Number of Offspring
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Cow: 1 calf
Ewe: 1 - 3 lambs
Sow: 6 - 14 piglets
Mare: 1 foal
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Dystocia |
Difficulty in expelling the fetus.
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