142 Cards in this Set
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After absorption, carbohydrates are transported through the _____.
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portal system
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most responsible for increasing the surface area of the small intestine is the _____ .
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microvili
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the small intestine from beginning to end ____, ___ , ____.
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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a typical serving size of _______ is a rich source of dietary fiber
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oat bran
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_____ uses energy to absorb nutrients.
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active transport
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_____ breaks the bond in disaccharides during digestion
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hydrolosis
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the monosaccharide common to disaccharides during digestion.
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glucose
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a sphincter helps
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control the movement of food
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complex carbohydrates
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starchy- long chains of glucose units
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sucrose releases ____.
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fructose
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most digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the _______.
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small intestine
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_____ is the hormone that triggers the gall bladder to contract when fat reaches the small intestine.
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Chloecystokinin. CCK.
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The actual cause of ulcers has been identified as ____ .
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H. pylori
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____ is a concern for those who inherited PKU.
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aspartame
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dietary fiber
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consists of nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants
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type 1 dibetes
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do not produce any insulin
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type 2 diabetes
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do not produce enough or do not properly utilize insulin.
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what non nutritive sweetener is not heat stable?
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aspartame (equal)
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kcal/g for fat, protein, carb, alcohol
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fat- 9
protein-4
carb-4
alcohol- 7
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the daily value on nutrition facts is based on a daily caloric value of _____.
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2000 kcal.
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the most calorie densed food sources have a _______.
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high proportion of fat
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the new MyPyramid suggests that ___% of grains eaten daily should be whole grains
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50
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____ begins to break down carbohydrate in the mouth by major activity is in the duodenum.
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amylase
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pouches on the colon are ___.
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diverticulosis
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When purchasing a dietary supplement you need to know that ______.
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they are not regulated.
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the exchange lists categorizes food based on ____.
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similar amounts of carbohydrates, protein, and fat per serving.
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a skin fold measurement is conducted to
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determine body fatness
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a break down of sucrase requires a ______.
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protein but no energy.
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a blood glucose level of 110 mg/dl is a ?
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biochemical assesment
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the human body lacks the enzyme to split and digest bonds in ______.
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dietary fiber
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____ helps to correct hypoglycemia
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epinephrine
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Where are insulin and glucagon produced?
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In the pancreas; they have pockets of endocrine cells known as pancreatic islets. Each islet has alpha cells (which secrete glucagon) and beta cells (secret insulin).
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the main function of dietary carbohydrates is ____.
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to supply energy to the body.
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the absorptive process that requires NO ENERGY and protein for its transport is?
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passive diffusion
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glucose is classified as?
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simple sugar
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wavelike motions moving food from the esophagus to the GI tract is called
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peristalsis
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the first digestion of starch in toast starts in the _____.
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mouth
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Energy supplying nutrients
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Carbs, fats, and protein
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the hormone to increase the pH of chyme is ?
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secretin
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a high blood glucose level is?
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hyperglycemia
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the most appropriate use of the RDA for nutrients is ?
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menu planning for groups of people
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hydrochloric acids does not activate ____
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amylase
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after digestion absorption and packing transport, long chain fatty acids travel through
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lymphatic system
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a good dietary source of omega 3 fatty acids, which can lower the risk of heart disease is provided by eating ___
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salmon
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safe disposal of excess body nitrogen is accomplished through the formation and excretion of ____?
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urea
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the type of fatty acid that has no double bonds in its carbon chain is?
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saturated
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eicosanoids are derives from omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids, which are both classified as
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fatty acids- polyunsaturated
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the process of synthesizing cholesterol in the liver is an example of
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anabolism
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What is not a function of fat in the body?
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a quick fuel supply for the brain
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the genetic material which determines amino acid sequence and structure of all proteins is located in this cell organelle
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nucleus
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the type of vegetarian that is most at risk for a nutritional deficiency is
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vegan
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dietary nitrogen intake minus the sum of all sources of nitrogen excretion is known as the _____
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nitrogen balance
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What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
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linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega 3)
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the primary enzyme for initial metabolism of alcohol is ____?
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alcohol dehydrogenisis
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the major direct fuel that body cell uses for work activities?
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ATP
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under which circumstance would a person most likely be in positive nitrogen balance?
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pregnancy
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carbohydrates are needed for lipid metabolism because they supply ______ to start the citric acid cycle?
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oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
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The total next energy produced from glucose during anaerobic glycolysis is
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ATP
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during starvation, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or diet high in protein and fat produces ____?
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ketone bodies
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the energy carrier derived from niacin that participates in oxidative reactions to capture energy is ?
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NAD
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alcoholism moderation may reduce heart disease risk because it is elevated in this lipoprotein?
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HDLs
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risk of diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension increase when body fat accumulates in this region
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chest and abdomen
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the citric acid cycle and beta oxidation both occur in this part of the cell
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mitochondria
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indirect calorimetry is based on which equation
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macronutrients+Adp+oxygen=>atp+carbon dioxide+water
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which of the following metabolic processes occur under anaerobic conditions?
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glycolysis
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the metabolism of alcohol in the body primarily leads to the formation of?
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fats
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cwhich component of total energy expenditure can a person most effectively increase to help achieve weight loss?
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activity
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bile acids, vitamin D, and several hormones including estrogen and testosterone are synthesized from?
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cholesterol
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when oxygen is not readily available during glucose metabolism, pyruvate form ___ to form NAD
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lactate
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the inducible method for metabolizing larger quanities of alcohol is?
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MEOS
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which of the following is not a typically major function of protein?
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energy for the body
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an example of two incomplete protein foods eaten together to produce a high quality complete protein meal is?
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red beans and rice
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cooking an egg changes its physical properties by
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denaturation
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fatty acids that are most solid and least liquid at room temperature would have ______ double bonds
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zero
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the recommended amount of protein for the average healthy adult is ____ g/kg body weight?
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0.8
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current daily dietary recommendations for individual with heart disease risk include all of the following except
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less than 10% of kcal from saturated fat
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anaerobic metabolism is limited to using which fuel for energy production?
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carbs
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the type of fatty acid recommended at up to 15% of total kcal because of its heart healthiness is?
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monosaturated fats
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a body builder who is increasing muscle mass is in a ____ state and in ______ nitogen balance
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anabolic / positive
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a person with BMI of 24 falls into what mortality risk classification?
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low risk
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most of the carbon dioxide we exhale is produced during which metabolic process?
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catabolism
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once dietary fat reaches the liver it may be packed into ____ and released back into the blood
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VLDLs
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risk of heart disease is increased as the blood level of this lipoprotein increases
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LDL
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foods containing hydrogenating fats have the advantage of ___
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increased shelf life
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which component is the largest contributor to total energy expenditure for typical American?
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basal energy expenditure
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the most prevalent type of lipids in the diet
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triglycerides
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the average percent of total body weight that is water in normal adults is?
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50-75
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the best breakfast choice for an individual concerned about eating adequate levels of dietary nutrients would be?
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fortified breakfast cereal
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toxicity and related health consequences are of most concern for which of the following
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vitamin A
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which of the following nutrients found in fortified milk works with calcium in building and mineralizing bone
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vitamin D
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antioxidants prevent the damage to cell membranes caused by?
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free radicals
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Gradual demineralization of bone over a period of years in adults results in
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Osteoporosis
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A drop in blood pressure triggers rennin released by the kidneys and the production of?
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Angiotensin
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three nutrients closely associated with decreasing homocysteine levels in blood and reduced heart disease risk are?
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folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12
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the hypothalamus land in the brain signals the pituitary gland to release ADH when?
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blood sodium rises
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rickets, osteomalacia, bone demineralization, sun exposure is important source, supplements may be needed?
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vitamin D
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produced by gut flora, important for blood clotting and bone formation, interferes with blood thinning medications?
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vitamin K
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vital for night vision and integrity of epithelial tissues, toxicity is a concern, especially related medications for acne is pregnant?
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vitamin A
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antioxidant function in protecting cell membranes from free radical damage,vegetable oils are good sources
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vitamin E
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the body component with the highest percentage of water is found in?
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skeletal muscle
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the balance or homeostasis, of intracellular and extracellular fluid is controlled mainly by the level of?
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electrolytes
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the fat soluble vitamins include?
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topherols, quinones, retinal, calcitriol
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vegans living at northern latitude should consume foods fortified with ____ to prevent likely deficiencies?
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vitamin B12 and vitamin D
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consuming a large amount of which of the following nutrients is harmless, but could turn skin color orange
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beta carotene
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the FDA standards for enrichment of refined grain products include the nutrients...
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thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folate
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the B vitamins share a common coenzyme function by participating in
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energy metabolism
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peak bone mass is thought to typically occur by age ?
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30
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all the following are functions of water except?
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carry fat soluble substances without the aid of other substances
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which of the following statements is not true for the water soluble vitamins?
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water soluble vitamins are generally stored for use over long periods of time
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iodized salt, an example of fortification, helps lower the incidents of?
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goiter
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intrinsic factor necessary for absorption, megablastic, anemia and nerve damage with deficiency, cobalamin
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vitamin B12
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widely distributed in foods, activates CHO metabolism
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panthothenic acid
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beriberi, important for the metabolism of carbohydrates and energy. pork is good source
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thiamin
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need increases with protein intake, vital for amino acid metabolism, toxicity causes neurological symptoms
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vitamin B-6
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pellegra 4Ds with deficiency, typtophan, needed to get energy from CHO, protein and fat.
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niacin
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synthesized in the colon, adds a CO2 in reactions, in raw eggs
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biotin
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megoblastic anemia, causes neural defects, in green leafy vegetables and OJ, THFA
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folate
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cofactor for energy metabolism, destroyed by light, milk is a good source, causes glossitis and chelosis
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riboflavin
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citrus and green leafy vegetables, an antioxidant, helps collagen
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vitamin C
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having 2400 kcal a day needs a minimum of ______ml of fluid a day.
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2400
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the main route most american extrete fluid?
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urine
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enhances insulin function and may relate to type 2 diabetes
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chromium
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deficiency causes hypochromic, microcytic anemia and fatigue. hemochromotosis is toxicity
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iron
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cofactor for many enzymes for gene regulations and night visions, deficiency causes no appetite
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zinc
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an antioxidant to protect against lipid peroxidation, keshan disease
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selenium
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works with iron, electron transport system, iron transport
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copper
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good for bones and teeth, helps osteoporosis, in water
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fluoride
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essential for hormones that regulate BMR and body temperature, thyroid hormones
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iodine
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what is a good source of iron because it has heme and non heme iron?
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hamburgers!
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main cations in extracellular and intracellular fluid
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sodium and potassium
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when blood calcium level drops,
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calcium is stored in the bone and released to the blood stream
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calcium partners with _____ for bones and teeth, helps in blood clotting and muscle contraction
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vitamin D
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related to improved blood pressure, best in fruits and vegetables
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potassium
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important for control of fluid balance, excess causes hypertension and osteoporosis
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sodium
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in stomach acid and causes prolonged vomiting with low levels
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choloride
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Hydroxyapatite in bone, milk and soft drinks are a good source, barely any risk for deficiency at all.
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phosphorus
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glucagon
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increases glucose levels in the blood
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insulin
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lowers blood glucose levels
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benefits of breastfeeding
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for infant, optimal nutrition, composition ideal for infant
mother, reduces uterus size
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Simple Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides = glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides = sucrose, lactose, maltose
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difference between aerobic/anaerobic metabolism?
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Aerobic metabolism occurs IN the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic metabolism occurs WITHOUT the presence of oxygen.
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Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
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the sum of energy expenditure through REE, physical activity, and TEF
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FCS 102: EXAM 3