SOCI 1101: MIDTERM
79 Cards in this Set
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Sociological Imagination
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to describe the type of insight offered by the discipline of sociology. Developed by C. Wright Mills
"Individual lives are lived at the intersection of personal biography and social history"
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Sociological Interplay
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in between blaming society and blaming people
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Durkheim's Study of Suicide
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Studied the relationship between suicide rate and social integration. Suicide is a marriage between the personal and the social
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Structural Functionalism Theory
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Focus on Stability and Functional vs. Dysfunctional
Talcott Parson: society needs to be stable and useful (division of labor)
Manifest (obvious consequences of any social pattern) and Latent (hidden)
-it is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose par…
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Conflict Theory
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Karl Marx
Focuses on Struggle and Power
social conflict, feminist, and economic
How does society divide a population? How do advantaged people protect their privleges? How do disadvantaged people challenge the system seeking change?
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Symbolic Interactionism Theory
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George Herbert Mead
Importance of Symbols
micro level
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
How do people experience society? How do people shape the reality they experience?
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Probabilistic
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There's a high probability that an event will occur
ex. If you are poor, higher probability that you will be poor later
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Independent Variable
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the variable that produces an effect upon another
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Dependent Variable
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the variable that is affected by the independent variable
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Survey
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is a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview
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Experiment
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is a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
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Ethnography
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observation in real life situations, as participant or bystander
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Content Analysis
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analysis of printed documents, ex. historical research
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Hawthorne Effect
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Idea that studying some behavior changes that behavior
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Human Subjects Committees
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Gives permission to approve research
-Children under age of 18
-Mentally disabled people
-Inmates
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Culture
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the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
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Customs and Rituals
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ways of doing things. Ceremonies and patterns of interaction
-same taboos
-marriage ceremony and funeral
-culture impacts all aspects of life
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Evolution of Culture
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Hunting and gathering: the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
Horticulture: the use of hand tools to raise crops & Pastoralism: the domestication of animals
Agriculture: largescale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sourc…
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Elements of Culture: Symbols
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people in a culture
-the human capacity to create and manipulate symbols is almost limitless
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Elements of Culture: Language
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closely tied to cultural values
a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
-creates cultural transmission: the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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Elements of Culture: Norms
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-Rules and expectation by which a society guides the behavior of its members
-Mores: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
-Folkways: norms for routine or casual interaction
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Elements of Culture: Values
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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
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America's Values
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Equal opportunity
individual achievement and personal success
material comfort
activity and work
practicality and efficiency
progress
science
democracy and free enterprise
freedom
racism and group superiority
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Elements of Culture: Beliefs
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Specific ideas that people hold to be true
-particular matters that people accept as true or false
example: because most U.S. adults share the value of providing equal opportunity to all, they believe that a qualified woman could serve as president
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Output of Culture
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-What a culture produces
-Tangible commodities: material goods, technology
-Intangible commodities: Hollywood, music, etc.
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Culture Shock
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strain associated with reorganizing with another culture
-two way process
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Cultural Leveling
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process in which one culture becomes similar to another
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Cultural Change
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Discovery: desire to be first; ex. space exploration- American superior
Invention
Diffusion: one society borrows from a foreign source
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Subcultures
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values, behaviors and physical artifacts of a group that distinguish it from the larger culture
-gives people who are marginalized to be apart of something
-begin involved in other cultures, but not fully committed
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Socialization
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lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
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Sigmund Freud
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human behavior is not biologically fixed
-Id (the human being's basic drives), Ego (a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demand of society), Superego (cultural values and norms internalized by an individual)
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Jean Piaget
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Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Formal Operational Stage (age 12)
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Moral Reasoning
-Preconvetiona: rightness amounts to what feels good to me
-Conventional: young people lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong
-Postconventional: people move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles
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Carol Gilligan
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Theory of Gender and moral development
-boys: have a justice perspective, relying on formal rules to define right and wrong
-girls: have a care and responsibility perspective, judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalty
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Erik Erikson (Eight Stages of Development)
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infancy: challenge of trust
toddlerhood: challenge of autonomy
preschool: challenge of initiative
preadolescence: challenge of industriousness
adolescence: challenge of gaining identity
young adult: intamcy
middle adult: making a difference
old: integrity
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George Herbert Mead (Concept of Self)
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-self develops only with social experience
-social experience is the exchange of symbols
-understanding intention requires imagining a situation from the other's point of view
-looking glass self: what we think of ourselves depends on how we think others see us (Charles Coooley)
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Agents of Socialization
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Several familiar setting have special importance to the socialization process
-Family
-School
-Peer Group
-Mass Media
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Functions of the Family
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-Reproduction
-Regulation of sexuality
-Socialization
-Companionship and love
-Social Control
-Social placement
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Functions of Education
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-Transmit Skills
-Socialize
-Child care
-Social control
-Maintain social order
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Social Interaction
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the process by which people act and react in relation to others
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Status
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-social position that a person holds
Ascribed: involuntary positions into which you are born
Achieved: positions taken on through own efforts and accomplishments
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Roles
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Expectations attached to some status position
ex. holding the status of student leads you to perform the role of attending classes and completing assignments
role set: a number of roles attached to a single status
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Socialization
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process by which people learn the roles associated with their status positions
methods:
trial and error
watching others
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Role Conflict
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conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses
we experience role conflict when we find ourselves pulled in various directions as we try to respond to many statuses we hold
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Role Strain
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Tension among roles connected to a single status
ex. a college professor may enjoy being friendly with students, but he must maintain the personal distance needed to evaluate students objectively and fairly
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Erving Goffman
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Impression mangement
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Importance of Social Interaction
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Saves time, creative action, and informs us about the social system
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Non-Verbal Communication
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using gestures to get something across
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Social Construction of Reality
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the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
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Thomas Theorem
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Situations are defined as real are real in their consequences
although reality is soft as it is being shaped, it can become hard in its effects
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Social Groups
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two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
-having something in common
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Primary Groups
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small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
ex. family
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Secondary Groups
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large and impersonal social groups whose member pursue a specific goal or activity
ex. volunteer group, this class
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In Group
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Respect and loyalty
sense of belonging
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Out Group
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Competition and opposition
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Reference Group
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social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions
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Looking Glass Self
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imagine how we appear to other, imagine how others judge that appearance, and develop our sense of self
-we judge ouselves by how we thingk others see us
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Dyad
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social group with two members
-intense social group but less stable
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Triad
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social group with three members
-stronger, but can be less intense
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Networks
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Web of weak social ties
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Group Conformity
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particular studies: Asch's research and Milgram experiment
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Solomon Asche
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visual perception; line test
conformity
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Stanley Milgram
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group obedience
-shock test
-conformity
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Formal Organizations
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large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently
-Utilitarian: specific reason; work
-Normative: morally worth while; political party
-Coercive: don't have a choice; prison
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Bureaucracy
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characteristics: specialization, clear cut hierarchy, written rules, technical competence, impersonal, formal written communication
problems: alienation, inefficiency, oligarchy (rule of the many by the few), inertia
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Social Control
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attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
types: assistance, social sanctions, and law and order
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Social Sanctions
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...
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Social Foundations of Deviance
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1. varies by cultural norms
2. people are deviant as others define them that way
3. both norms and the way people define rule breaking involve social power
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Minor Deviance
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not a lot of consequences; getting a dicket
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Serious Deviance
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illegal drugs
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Deviance Leading to Medicalization
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...
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Strain Theory (Merton)
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Structural Functionalism Theory
The notion of anomie, expectations vs. aspirations, code of the streets and prisons
-social forces impact crime
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Anomie
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...
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Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
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Deviance is learned in primary groups
Importance of peer groups
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Labeling Theory
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Consequences of labeling
Self-fulfilling nature of labels
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Stigma
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Goffman
Spoiled identity: physical, moral, tribal
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Life Course Theory of Crime
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Stage of life, trajectories of behaviro, transition points
-more deviant when going through big transitions
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Social Bond Theory (Hirschi)
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Deviance is possible for everyone
Conventional Institutions
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Deterrence Theory
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Cost/benefit analysis
-am I going to get away with it with little consequence?
-Death Penalty
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SOCI 1101: EXAM 2