SOCI 1101: EXAM 2
72 Cards in this Set
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Deviance
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a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.
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Characteristics of Deviance
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-Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas.
-Varies across and within societies and across situations.
-Is formal or informal.
-Perceptions of deviance can change over time.
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Social Stratification
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the division of groups arranged in a social hierarchy.
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Social Inequality
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society.
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Open stratification system
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a system based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down the hierarchy.(social mobility)
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Closed stratification system
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movement up or down the hierarchy is limited by ascribed status.
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Social mobility
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Allows movement up and down the hierarchy.
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Social Class Division in the US
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-upper class 1%
-middle class 40%
-upper middle 14%
-lower middle 30%
-working(lower middle) class 30%
-working poor 20%
-the underclass 5%
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Wealth
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an abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.
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Black wealth vs White wealth
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Blacks have $8-$19 of wealth for every $100 that whites possess.
-White households possess nearly 10 times as much mean net financial assets as black households.
-Black families held less than one-half the wealth of whites in similar income brackets.
-Poverty level whites control nearl…
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Power
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the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.
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Power is Based on
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-Social Class
-Custom/Tradition
-Charisma
-Particular Occupations
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The Poverty Line
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(Poverty Threshold) The minimal level of income (pre-tax) that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.
People who fall at or below this line are considered "at poverty"
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Supplemental Poverty Line
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Attempts to address the criticisms of the Poverty Line.
-Takes into account: housing, food, clothing, utilities, and other needs such as transportation, personal care items, etc. as well as public assistance benefits.
(Criticized for not being a relative poverty measure.)
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Everyday class consciousness
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awareness of our own and others' social statuses.
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Race
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A socially constructed category based an real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.
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Harris: How Skins got their color
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Melanin
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Melanin
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The pigment that gives skin its color
Primary Function- to protect the skin from sun damage, which can cause sunburn/skin cancer.
-Without vitamin D, death would come from rickets and osteomalacia. Therefore the color of a human's skin represents a trade off between the hazards of too m…
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Cultural Selection
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the selection of certain cultural traits that will improve the survival of society, also played a role in skin color around the world.
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How Does the US Define Race
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Population estimates use the race categories mandated by the OMB
-White
African American
Asian American
Native American
Other - two or more races
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One Drop Rule
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Belief that one drop of black blood makes a person black.
-White is seen as "pure" category; any other racial intermixture is seen as "non white"
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Hypo-decent
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this rule requires Americans to believe that anyone who is known to have had an African(black) ancestor is considered black.
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When did Jews become white folks
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Those who were once marginalized became "whitened" after WWII and certain governmental programs :
GI Bill of Rights,FHA Mortgages,VA Mortgages.
-Jews and other white ethnics upward mobility was the result of programs that allowed individuals to float on a rising economic tide.
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Ethnicity
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a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.
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Symbolic Ethnicity
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an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.
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Situational Ethnicity
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ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation.
(Usually available to whites only)
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Hispanics in the US
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Hispanic is considered an ethnicity, not a separate race.
-Determination of Hispanic Ethnicity, according to the US government, is reliant on people's self-reports.
-Recently there has been a movement to make "Hispanic" a separate race, but Hispanics are opposed to it b/c they feel it w…
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Hispanics in US
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Americans who identify themselves as being of Spanish-speaking background and trace their origin or descent from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America and other spanish speaking countries.
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Racism
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a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group
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Prejudice
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an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group
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Discrimination
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unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group;usually motivated by prejudice.
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Individual Discrimination
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discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with.
ex. hiring discrimination, by ghetto name, or white being chose over white.
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Post Racial Society
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race is no longer a factor in determining life chances for members of American society.
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Colorblind Ideology
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the racial ideology that posits the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible, without regard to race, culture,ethnicity.
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White Privilege
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A right, advantage or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities.
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Sex
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a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying people as females versus males.
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Sex Category
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categorization of a person by the socially required identificatory displays of male or female.
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Gender
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learned attitudes that characterize women and men.
Conducting oneself in accordance with one's sex category.
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Gender identity
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perception of one's self as either male or females.
ex)gender reveal baby showers
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Gender Roles
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the characteristic, attitudes, feelings and behaviors that society experts from females and males.
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Gender Stereotypes
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expectations about how people will look,act, think, and feel based on their sex.
ex. all girls have attitude problems, all men cheat
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Doing Gender
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Gender is a performance, however it is not enough to act like a man or woman.
-You must be perceived as a man or woman by others; this is accountability.
-Gender is a learned and reinforced behavior, but "doing gender" makes the differences between men and women seem natural.
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Tannen : Men and Women in Conversation
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Women often complain that men do not talk to them at home, but talk in public.
Men often complain that women talk too much.
Women=rapport talk
Men=report talk
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Men=report talk
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talk is primarily a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchal social order
ex. give facts not feelings, non emotional in convo
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Women=rapport talk
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a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.
ex. emphasize in conversation
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Sexism
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an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
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Types of Subtle Sex
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-Condescending Chivalry
-Friendly Harrasment
-Subjective Objectification
-Liberated Sexism
-Considerate Domination
-Collegial Exclusion
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Theoretical Explanations of Gender Inequality
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-Symbolic Interactionsim
-Functionalism
-Conflict Theory
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Symbolic Interactionism
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gender is learned through the process of socialization
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Feminist
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women's inequality reflects historical and current domination by men
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Functionalism
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sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to
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Conflict theory
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due to the sexual division of labor males have had more access to resources and privileges.
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Gender Inequality in Education
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-Educational Performance
-Bullying
-Difference in enrollment and graduation rates
-Difference in majors
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Gender Inequality in Childhood
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Social Learning- process of learning behavior and meanings through social interaction.
-This is where kids learn gender roles and stereotypes.
-Kids are quick learners
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gender inequality in the work force
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1. women are segregated into occupations
2. women are paid less than men
3. women are less likely to occupy positions of authority and power in the workplace
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Gender Inequality in Family
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The Second Shift; Women still responsible for most of the gendered divisional labor.
-The Mommy Myth,
-Today 70% of married mothers are in the workplace.
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Media
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Socializes and reinforces gender roles and stereotypes.
-Women & Men in the media.
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Sexuality
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the character or quality of being sexual
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Sexual Orientation
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the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or both genders.
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Heterosexual
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sexual desire for the other gender
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Homosexuality
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sexual desire for the same gender
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Bisexuality
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sexual desire for all genders
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Asexual
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involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest or desire for sex
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Transgender
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People born with one biological sex but choose to identify as another sex
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Kinsey scale
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Kinsey said that human sexuality was far more diverse than what was commonly assumed.
-Attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual.
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Kinsey scale
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the formal or informal norms for acceptable and unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible to be sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.
-sexual double standard "scoring" and "sluts"
-Heterosexuality in US : women are expected to attract, men are suppos…
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Homophobia
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the fear and hatred of homosexuality.
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Heterosexism
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the belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than other sexual orientations.
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Pasco: Dude, You're a Fag
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•The word “fag” is used as an insult among adolescent males
•“Fag” is a negative homosexual stereotype.
•The term is not often used to refer to homosexual boys.
•The term “fag” is used to mock or tease other heterosexual boys
•“The fag discourse” is a tool for establishing and highlig…
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Barton: Pray the Gay Away
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•Barton interviewed 59 lesbians and gays living in the Bible Belt (Southern United States)
• Barton’s data suggests that conservative Christians are homophobic—fearful of homosexuals.
Barton argues that conservative Christian religions frame homosexuality as _____, and homosexuals are t…
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Seidman- Gay Marriage
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Seidman argues that the right to marry serves as a symbol of first class citizenship. Many lesbians and gays want to marry in order to become equal, respected citizens.
-Many lesbians and gays have long-term relationships similar to straight, married people, but are not afforded the same…
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Theoretical Perspectives on LBGT Inequalities
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