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Chapter 9
Hydrologic Cycle |
summary of the circulation of Earth's water supply, driven by energy from the sun and atmosphere |
Processes involved with Hydrologic Cycle |
Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, and Transpiration |
Sheet Flow |
Thin, broad sheets of water flowing across the ground |
Channel Flow |
sheet flow develops into little channels called rills, form larger channels |
Infiltration Capacity |
how much water can seep into the ground |
Things that affect infiltration capacity |
intensity and duration of rain, how wet/dry soil was, soil texture, slope of land, and nature of vegetation |
Stream Flow |
depends on velocity |
Laminar vs Turbulent |
L= slow moving water moving in a relatively straight line
T= fast moving water is more erratic and can have whirlpools, eddies, and rapids |
Factors that determine stream flow |
Gradient, Channel characteristics, and discharge |
Stream profile |
as you move from head to mouth discharge increases, channel size increases, gradient is more gentle, and roughness decreases |
Work done by Running Water |
erosion, transport, deposition |
Types of Stream Loads |
Dissolved- material is solution dissolved from chem erosion of rock
Suspended- tiny particles carried with current
Bed- course particles more along the bottom |
Levees |
Form parallel to stream channel by successive floods |
Yazoos |
small streams that run parallel to main river between levels and valley walls |
Back Swamps |
marshy lands between levels and valley walls |
Stream Valleys |
consist of stream channel and surrounding terrain |
V-Shaped |
gradient steeper at headwaters which causes valley deepening; downward erosion dominates and develops features like rapids and waterfalls |
Broad Flood Plains |
towards mouth of the river |
Ox-bows Lakes |
As stream meander, part of meander can be cutoff from the river and segments are called oxbow lakes |
Cut Bank |
Outside meander, erosion active |
Point Bar |
Inside meander, deposition active |
Terraces |
remnants of former flood plain, river adjusted to relative drop in base |
Dendritic |
Irregularly branching tributaries (most common) |
Radial |
Streams diverge from center point (volcanoes) |
Rectangular |
Streams bend at right angle (cause by fracture in bed rock) |
Flood |
Any event where the amount of water is too much for the channel to hold |
Regional Flood |
caused by long duration of precipitation |
Flash Flood |
Caused by intense short duration of precipitation |
Dam Failure |
Man made and natural dams may fail under any number of circumstances |