PSYC 1101: EXAM 4
99 Cards in this Set
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Stress
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Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when we can't cope effectively.
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Traumatic Event
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Severe event that can produce long-term psychological and health consequences
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Stress Studies
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Stress as Stimuli, Stress as Transaction, and Stress as Response
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Stress as Stimuli
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Pinpoints categories of events and finds which people are most susceptible.
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Stress as Transaction
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Varied reactions to same event from differenet people.
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Primary Appraisal
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Is the event harmful?
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Secondary Appraisal
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How well can we cope with the situation?
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Coping Strategies
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Problem-focused (think we're in control and can cope)
Emotion-focused (think situation is out of our control so focus on positive emotions)
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Stress as Response
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Psychological/Physical reaction to stressors. Common to use measure of corticosteroids release as stress level indicator.
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How do we measure stress?
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Number of stressful events experienced w/i the last year are related with physical disorders.
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Hassles
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Small annoyances that strain ability to cope. Better at predicting physical health, depression, and anxiety than stressors.
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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3-stage reaction to stress
1) Alarm 2) Resistance3) Exhaustion
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Alarm Reaction
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Adrenaline released, fight-or-flight, sweaty palms, etc.
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Resistance Reaction
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Adapt to stressor, deep breaths, positive thoughts, etc.
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Exhaustion
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Stress continues and you can't cope. Resistance breaks down and can lead to depression, anxiety, breakdown of immune system, etc.
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Tend and Befriend
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People will nurture or seek social support in stressful situations. Reaction in place of fight/flight.
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Oxytocin
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Counters stress.
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Post traumatic Stress Disorder
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Condition following extremely stressful life event.
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Antigens
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Organisms that invade the body.
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Pathogens
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Disease-producing organisms
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Phagocytes
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Neutrophils and macrophages
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Lymphocytes
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T and B cells.
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Psychophysiological Illness
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Asthma and ulcer-type illnesses are aggravated by emotions and effect physical condition.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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Study of relationship between immune system and CNS. Social support can fortify immune system.
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Biopsychosocial Perspective
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Medical conditions aren't all physical or fully psychological.
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Type A Personality
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Competitive/Impatient. Most likely to have heart issues.
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Type B Personality
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Calm/Mellow
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Type D Personality
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Experience negative emotions and inhibit expression of emotions.
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Peptic Ulcer
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Inflamed stomach area.
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Behavioral Control
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Ability to step up and do something to reduce impact of stressful situation. Problem-focused stress reduction.
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Cognitive Control
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Ability to restructure/think differently about negative emotions that arise in stress-provoking events. Changing our thoughts will reduce stress. Useful when situation is out of our control.
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Decisional Control
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Ability to choose among alternative courses of action. Ex. Can use others to get advice about decision.
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Informational Control
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Ability to gather information about situation.
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Emotional Control
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Ability to suppress and express emotions. Ex. journalism.
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Catharsis
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Disclosing painful feelings. Can be helpful if it leads to solution but bad if it reinforces sense of helplessness.
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Crisis Debriefing
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Group procedure designed to ward off PTSD. Can increase risk of PTSD and get in the way of natural coping.
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Hardiness
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See stressful situation as opportunity to grow. Believe they can control event.
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Optimism
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Productive, focused, lower mortality rates than pessimists.
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Self-Enhancement
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Inflated ego. Do well with stress.
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Spirituality and Religious Involvement
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Tend to have better health and lower mortality rates.
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Rumination
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Constantly worrying.
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Biofeedback
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Designed to regulate physiological responses associated with specific disorders. Ex. Monitor heart rate to see how people deal with stress, skin temperature, etc.
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Leading cause of preventative death:
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Smoking
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Alternative Medicine
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Health care practices used in place of conventional medicine.
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Biologically Based Therapies
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Vitamins, herbs, and food supplements used in place of conventional medicine.
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Homeopathic Medicine
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Taking small doses of something that causes illness will alleviate the illness. "Like cures like."
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Complementary Medicine
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Alternative medicine used along with conventional medicine.
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Somatoform Disorders
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Patient has physical symptoms not fully explained by general medical condition.
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Psychosomatic Illness
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Interaction between mind and body that causes illness.
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Conversion Disorder
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Physical symptoms that appear voluntary are experienced as involuntary to the patient. Symptoms come and go. Ex. Seizures, deafness, etc.
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Personality
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Distinctive pattern of behaviors, thoughts, emotions, etc.
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Traits
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Enduring predispositions that influence behavior.
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Nomothetic Approach
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Study conducted on group of people to identify general laws of behavior.
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Idiographic Approach
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Case studies. Can't be generalized.
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What makes us different?
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Genetics, shared environmental factors, and unshared environmental factors.
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Molecular Genetic Studies
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Identify genes associated with specific personality traits.
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Theories of Personality
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1) Freud Psychoanalysis 2) Neo-Freudians 3) Behaviorists 4) Social Learning 5) Humanists 6) Trait Theories
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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All psychological events have a cause, all actions are meaningful, and we rarely understand why we do things.
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Id
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Basic instincts.
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Pleasure Principle
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Id's tendency to strive for immediate gratification.
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Wish Fulfillment
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Expression of Id's desires through dreams.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Ego changes our perception of event that caused anxiety. Can lead to pathology.
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Repression
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Trying to forget bad emotional experiences.
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Denial
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Trying to forget bad external events.
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Regression
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Returning to younger stages of development.
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Reaction-Formation
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Changing something that produces anxiety into the opposite. Ex. Saying you don't like someone when you really do.
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Projection
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Giving others negative characteristics that you have. Ex. You're cheating but you say your mate is cheating.
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Displacement
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Direct impulse on something that's not the cause of anxiety. Ex. Boss makes you mad but you take it out on your family.
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Intellectualization
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Avoid emotions by focusing on abstract and impersonal. Ex. Diagnosed with terminal sickness. Instead of accepting it, you insist there are cures and try to find one.
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Rationalization
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Producing explanation that sounds reasonable for unreasonable behavior. Ex. Justifying stealing.
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Identifying with the Aggressor
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Adopting characteristics of someone threatening. Ex. Kidnapped and held captive for long period, victim develops feelings for the kidnapper.
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Sublimation
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Transfer unacceptable impulses into admirable ones. Ex. Get sexual impulse and instead of acting on it you go to them gym and workout.
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Psychosexual Stages
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Freud's theory of personality development. 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4) latency 5) genital
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Oral
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Birth-18 months
Sexual gratification. Ex. Sucking
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Anal
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18 months-3 years
Gratification by bowel movements.
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Phallic
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3 years-6 years
Focus on genitals.
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Latency
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6 years-12 years-
Sexual impulses submerged into unconscious.
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Genital
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12 years+
Romantic attraction to others.
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Neo-Freudian
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Unconscious influences behavior, less emphasis on sexual drive, optimistic about long-term personality growth.
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Alfred Adler
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We want to be superior. Feeling of inferiority can lead to overcompensation.
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Carl Jung
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Ancestors pass down memories to us.
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Karen Horney
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Society makes women feel inferior.
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Behaviorists
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Personality influenced by external. No free will.
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Social Learning
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Thinking causes personality.
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Reciprocal determinism
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Ex. Introverts avoid situations where socializing is involved because they feel they will be embarrassed.
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Locus of Control
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Extent of which we believe reinforcers/punishers are in our control.
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Humanistic
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Carl Rogers; Free will. Genes, self-view, and conditions of worth make personality.
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Incongruence
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Not acting like yourself.
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Big Five
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1) Extroversion 2) Neuroticism 3) Conscientiousness 4) Agreeableness 5) Openness
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Extroversion
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Social and Lively
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Neuroticism
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Tense and moody
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Conscientiousness
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Responsible and careful.
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Agreeableness
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Friendly
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Openness
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Intellectually curious.
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Personality Assessment Types
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Structured assessments and projectives.
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Structured Personality Tests
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Paper and pencil tests. MMPI.
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MMPI
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Addresses symptoms of mental disorders.
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Projective Tests/Hypothesis
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1) Examinees must interpret ambiguous stimuli. Ex. Interpreting picture. (Rosarch Example)
2) Examinees project aspects of their personality on ambiguous stimuli. Ex. Drawing their interpretation of a human.
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P.T. Barnum Effect
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Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate.
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Study Guide: Final Exam