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BIOL 2300: EXAM 2
legionella |
a pathogenic group of gram negative bacteria, includes L species, causes pneumonia type illness |
Purple Sulfur Bacteria |
-Anaerobic or microaerophillic often found in hot springs
-capapable of photosynthesis
-do not use water as reducing agent, so cannot produce oxygen. |
Green Sulfur Bacteria |
-non motile and spherical rods and spirals - lack flagella
-family of obligate anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria
-use hydrogen sulfide as source of electrons |
trypanosoma |
contains large number of parasitic species with wild and domesticated animals (African sleeping sickness) |
Rhizobia |
soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root modules of legumes |
bdellovibrio |
-a genus of gram-negative obligate aerobic bacteria.
-members parasitize other gram-negative bacteria by entering into their peirplasmic space and feeding on the biopolymers |
trichomoniasis |
-common cause of vaginitis
-STD caused by single celled protozoan parasite |
methanogen |
microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions (classified as archaea) |
lactobacillus |
a genus of gram positive facultative anaerobic or microaerophillic rod-shaped bacteria |
cyanobacteria |
-gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs
-genetically related to chloroplasts
-undergo nitrogen fixation-in thick walled heterocyst
-a division of microorganisms that are related to the bacteria but are capable of photosynthesis.
-they are prokaryotic and represent the earliest known life forms |
E. Coli |
gram- negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm blooded organisms |
Plasmodium |
-a genus of parasitic protozoa
-infection with this genus is known as malaria |
Saccharomyces |
a genus in the kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast |
Dinoflagellate |
- a large group of flagellate protists
-most are maize plantation, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well |
sulfur oxidizer |
-oxidize reduced inorganic compounds to sulfuric acid
-lithotrophic sulfur oxidizer use the energy obtained from oxidation for microbial growth |
CPropionibacterium |
-Gram- positive, rod shaped genus of bacteria named for their unique metabolism
-able to synthesize propionic acid by using transcarboxylase enzymes |
Pseudomonas Aeroginosa |
A gram-negative, rod-shaped, agporoyenous, and monoflagellated bacterium that has incredible nutritional versatility |
agrobacterium |
a genus of gram-negative bacteria that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants |
myxobacteria |
gram-negative, eubacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances |
streptomycetes |
-gram-positive and have genomes with high GC content
-the largest genus of actinobacteria and type of genus of the family |
clostridium |
-gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, belonging to the firmicutes.
-They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. |
Aerobic Respiration |
requires oxygen |
Anaerobic Respiration |
use other inorganic molecules |
Fermentation |
-partial oxidation of glucose
-uses pyruvate / derivative/ other organic molecules as electron acceptor |
Chemolithotrophs |
-obtain energy by reducing inorganic chemicals as source of energy
-generated ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
-doesn't require external carbon source
-produce organic carbon from an inorganic source through positive fixation |
Sterilization |
eliminates all microbes |
disinfection |
eliminates most/all pathogens |
sanitization |
substantially reduces microbial population to meet health standards |
preservation |
process used to delay spoilage of perishable items |
pasteurization |
-brief heat treatment used to reduce organisms that cause food spoilage
-doesn't sterilize, but significantly reduces organisms
-used to increase shelf life of food |
Chlorine |
generally used to disinfect water |
Autoclave |
sterilization through pasteurized steam |
incineration |
-method of dry heat sterilization
-oxidizes cells to ashes
-results in sterile loop |
filtration |
-used for heat-sensitive fluids
-membrane filters allow liquid to flow through |
Deep filtration |
trap microbes using electrical charges |
Radiation |
shorter the wave length, higher frequency, meaning more energy |
ionizing radiation |
-causes damage to DNA
-used to sterilize medical equipment
-some endospores are resistant |
UV Radiation |
-non ionizing
-damages DNA causing thymine dimers
-used to destroy microbes in air/ drinking water |
UV Radiation limitations |
-poor penetrating power
-thin films/ coverings can limit effect |
Phenolics (Carbonic Acid) |
-one of earliest disinfectants
-active ingredient in lysol
-destroys plasma membrane |
Quaternary ammonium composite (QUATS) |
-cationic detergents, nontoxic
-used to disinfect food preparation surfaces
-reduces surface tension
-not effective on endospores |
Aldehydes |
destroy organisms by inactivating proteins and DNA |
formalin |
-solution made from formaldehyde
-used for specimen preservation |
ethylenoxide |
-useful gas sterilant
-destroys microbes including endospores and viruses
-reacts with proteins
-useful in sterilizing heat/moisture sensitive items |
Purple Non Sulfur Bacteria |
-use organic source of electrons for reduction
-aerobic growth |
Catabolism |
reactions that produce engery |
Anabolism |
reactions that require energy to produce catabolic reactions |
How are Catabolism and Anabolism related? |
ATP made in catabolism reaction is used in anabolic reactions to make subunits like amino acids. |
Protists |
-microscopic, unicellular
-do not do photosynthesis
-essential decomposer
-both asexual and sexual reproduction
-replication through binary fission |
Fungi |
-major decomposer
-grown well in slightly acidic environment
-cell wall consists of chitin
-mycoses- fungi growing in/ on body |
Algae |
-contains membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, flagella
-reproduce through binary fission
-undergoes mitosis |
Lichens |
evolutionary product of fungi and photosynthetic organisms |
Mycorrhizae |
-symbiosis with roots of plants
-increase absorption of roots
-allows plants to sustain and grown in dry climates. |