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BIOL 1104K: TEST 2
Phylo -
|
Plant |
-geny
|
Family |
Mosses are
|
Non vascular and seedless
|
Ferns are
|
Vascular and seedless
|
Gymnosperms |
Do not produce flowers or fruits
|
Angiosperms
|
Produce flowers and fruits
|
Primary trend in plant evolution:
|
Growing independent from water
|
Cuticles
|
Coat outer cells and limit water loss
|
Liverworts and hornworts
|
Are also non vascular and seedless plants
|
Non vascular plants
|
Lack vessels for water and nutrients transport & support
|
Non vascular plants reproduce
|
With swimming sperm
|
Vascular plants
|
Have simple vessels
|
Club mosses and horsetails
|
Are also vascular seedless plants
|
Mitosis |
Making exact copies of the cell
|
Meiosis |
Dividing the number of chromosome sets in half
|
Animals form gametes by
|
Meiosis |
Plants form gametes by
|
Mitosis |
1n |
Haploid
|
2n |
Diploid
|
Gametophytes are
|
Haploid
|
Sporophytes are
|
Diploid
|
Haploid spores are produced by
|
The sporophyte through meiosis
|
Spores grow into
|
Gametophytes
|
Gametophytes produce gametes via
|
Mitosis |
Gametes fuse and form a
|
Zygote |
Short & restricted to areas and times with abundant water
|
Non vascular plants
|
Mosses |
Most common non vascular seedless plant
|
Gametophytes dominance
|
Sporophytes sprout from and depend on gametophyte
|
Gametophytes are
|
Haploid |
Horsetails
|
Most common vascular seedless plant
|
Vascular plants
|
Have the ability to grow taller
|
Seedless plants
|
Require swimming sperm
|
Ferns possess
|
Roots, stems and leaves
|
Spores travel
|
Long distances via wind
|
Sporophytes
|
Produce spores
|
Diploid zygote
|
Forms into sporophyte
|
Seeds |
Embryonic dormant sporophyte
|
Seeds contain
|
energy for growth
|
Seeds have
|
Specialized transport cells
|
Seeds are protected by
|
A seed coat
|
Seeds reproduce
|
Independent from water
|
Xylem is
|
Non living
|
Xylem transports
|
Water and minerals away from roots
|
Phloem is
|
Alive
|
Phloem transports
|
Sugar all throughout the plant in any direction
|
Gymno-
|
Naked
|
Female cones
|
Produce and house female gametophytes
|
Male cones
|
Produce pollen
|
Angiosperms
|
Flowering plants
|
Angiosperms
|
Dominate the plant world
|
Angiosperms go through
|
Double fertilization
|
Double fertilization results in
|
A zygote and endosperm
|
Non vascular
|
Large gametophytes
Small sporophytes
Gametophytes dominate
|
Vascular
|
Small gametophytes
Large sporophytes
Sporophytes dominate
|
The short system is
|
The stem and leaves
|
Nodes
|
Attaches leaves to stems
|
Roots
|
Uptake water and minerals
|
Epidermis
|
Outermost layer
|
Periderm
|
Only found in roots and stem of woody plants
|
Parenchyma
|
Living
Photosynthesizes and stores
|
Chollenchyma |
Living
Supportive cells make up thickened cell walls
|
Sclerenchyma
|
Living until maturity
Leaving behind cell walls
Components of wood
|
Stomata |
Pores on bottom of leaves
|
Guard cells
|
Allow gases in/out
Allow water out from leaves
|
Primary growth
|
Length of stems
|
Secondary growth
|
Lateral growth (girth)
|
Meristems |
Stem cells
|
Meristems can
|
Divide and produce new cells
|
Apex-
|
Tip
|
Apical meristem
|
Primary growth
|
Lateral meristems produce
|
Layers of phloem and xylem
|
Diffusion |
From high concentration to low concentration
|
Osmosis |
Water moving across a semi permeable membrane
|
Water follows
|
Minerals |
Water moved to where
|
There is less water
|
Water moves through lipids
|
With the help of aquaporins
|
Aquaporins |
Provide a path for the water to go through
|
Plant cells do not burst because of
|
Cell wall
|
Vascular cylinder contains
|
Xylem and phloem
|
Endodermis surrounds
|
Vascular cylinder
|
Atp energy
|
Pumps minerals up the roots
|
Ethylene made in
|
All parts in response to wounds, droughts, and temperature change
|
Pulling |
Negative pressure
|
Transpiration |
Water evaporating from leaves
|
Cohesion
|
Water molecules sticking together
|
Tension
|
A pulling force generated by transpiration
|
Phloem
|
From sources to sinks
|
Sources |
Leaves
|
Sinks
|
Fruits
|
Pushing
|
Positive pressure
|
Photo synthesizing cells pump sugar into
|
Phloem |
Water flows from xylem to phloem
|
Osmosis
|
__ pushes phloem sap
|
Pressure |
Hormones |
Chemical secreted to influence target cells
|
Groups of hormones
|
Steroids
Amino acid derivatives
Gases
|
Gibberellin made in
|
Apical meristems
|
Gibberellin:
|
Seed germination
Stem elongation
Fruit growth & enlargement
|
Auxins made in
|
Apical meristems
|
Auxins:
|
Stem elongation
Fruit growth
Inhibits lateral bud growth
|
Ethylene:
|
Ripens fruit
Stimulates leaf and flower loss
|
Absicic acid made in
|
Many parts in response to stress
|
Absicic acid:
|
Closes stomata preventing growth and germination
|
Tropism |
Movement in response to a stimulus
|
Photo-
|
Light
|
Phototropism
|
Growth towards the light as auxins accumulate on the bended side
|
Gravitropism
|
Opposite from phototropism
Roots grow where auxins are most concentrated And bend where they are least concentrated
|
Transpire |
Lose water
|
High pressure flows to
|
Low pressure (why water returns to xylem)
|
Using |
You have less of it
|
Peri-
|
Around
|
Sclera-
|
Tough
|