Front Back
Phylo -
Plant
-geny
Family
Mosses are
Non vascular and seedless
Ferns are
Vascular and seedless
Gymnosperms
Do not produce flowers or fruits
Angiosperms
Produce flowers and fruits
Primary trend in plant evolution:
Growing independent from water
Cuticles
Coat outer cells and limit water loss
Liverworts and hornworts
Are also non vascular and seedless plants
Non vascular plants
Lack vessels for water and nutrients transport & support
Non vascular plants reproduce
With swimming sperm
Vascular plants
Have simple vessels
Club mosses and horsetails
Are also vascular seedless plants
Mitosis
Making exact copies of the cell
Meiosis
Dividing the number of chromosome sets in half
Animals form gametes by
Meiosis
Plants form gametes by
Mitosis
1n
Haploid
2n
Diploid
Gametophytes are
Haploid
Sporophytes are
Diploid
Haploid spores are produced by
The sporophyte through meiosis
Spores grow into
Gametophytes
Gametophytes produce gametes via
Mitosis
Gametes fuse and form a
Zygote
Short & restricted to areas and times with abundant water
Non vascular plants
Mosses
Most common non vascular seedless plant
Gametophytes dominance
Sporophytes sprout from and depend on gametophyte
Gametophytes are
Haploid
Horsetails
Most common vascular seedless plant
Vascular plants
Have the ability to grow taller
Seedless plants
Require swimming sperm
Ferns possess
Roots, stems and leaves
Spores travel
Long distances via wind
Sporophytes
Produce spores
Diploid zygote
Forms into sporophyte
Seeds
Embryonic dormant sporophyte
Seeds contain
energy for growth
Seeds have
Specialized transport cells
Seeds are protected by
A seed coat
Seeds reproduce
Independent from water
Xylem is
Non living
Xylem transports
Water and minerals away from roots
Phloem is
Alive
Phloem transports
Sugar all throughout the plant in any direction
Gymno-
Naked
Female cones
Produce and house female gametophytes
Male cones
Produce pollen
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Angiosperms
Dominate the plant world
Angiosperms go through
Double fertilization
Double fertilization results in
A zygote and endosperm
Non vascular
Large gametophytes Small sporophytes Gametophytes dominate
Vascular
Small gametophytes Large sporophytes Sporophytes dominate
The short system is
The stem and leaves
Nodes
Attaches leaves to stems
Roots
Uptake water and minerals
Epidermis
Outermost layer
Periderm
Only found in roots and stem of woody plants
Parenchyma
Living Photosynthesizes and stores
Chollenchyma
Living Supportive cells make up thickened cell walls
Sclerenchyma
Living until maturity Leaving behind cell walls Components of wood
Stomata
Pores on bottom of leaves
Guard cells
Allow gases in/out Allow water out from leaves
Primary growth
Length of stems
Secondary growth
Lateral growth (girth)
Meristems
Stem cells
Meristems can
Divide and produce new cells
Apex-
Tip
Apical meristem
Primary growth
Lateral meristems produce
Layers of phloem and xylem
Diffusion
From high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Water moving across a semi permeable membrane
Water follows
Minerals
Water moved to where
There is less water
Water moves through lipids
With the help of aquaporins
Aquaporins
Provide a path for the water to go through
Plant cells do not burst because of
Cell wall
Vascular cylinder contains
Xylem and phloem
Endodermis surrounds
Vascular cylinder
Atp energy
Pumps minerals up the roots
Ethylene made in
All parts in response to wounds, droughts, and temperature change
Pulling
Negative pressure
Transpiration
Water evaporating from leaves
Cohesion
Water molecules sticking together
Tension
A pulling force generated by transpiration
Phloem
From sources to sinks
Sources
Leaves
Sinks
Fruits
Pushing
Positive pressure
Photo synthesizing cells pump sugar into
Phloem
Water flows from xylem to phloem
Osmosis
__ pushes phloem sap
Pressure
Hormones
Chemical secreted to influence target cells
Groups of hormones
Steroids Amino acid derivatives Gases
Gibberellin made in
Apical meristems
Gibberellin:
Seed germination Stem elongation Fruit growth & enlargement
Auxins made in
Apical meristems
Auxins:
Stem elongation Fruit growth Inhibits lateral bud growth
Ethylene:
Ripens fruit Stimulates leaf and flower loss
Absicic acid made in
Many parts in response to stress
Absicic acid:
Closes stomata preventing growth and germination
Tropism
Movement in response to a stimulus
Photo-
Light
Phototropism
Growth towards the light as auxins accumulate on the bended side
Gravitropism
Opposite from phototropism Roots grow where auxins are most concentrated And bend where they are least concentrated
Transpire
Lose water
High pressure flows to
Low pressure (why water returns to xylem)
Using
You have less of it
Peri-
Around
Sclera-
Tough

Access the best Study Guides, Lecture Notes and Practice Exams

Login

Join to view and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?