BIOL 1104K: TEST 2
111 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
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Phylo -
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Plant
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-geny
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Family
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Mosses are
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Non vascular and seedless
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Ferns are
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Vascular and seedless
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Gymnosperms
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Do not produce flowers or fruits
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Angiosperms
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Produce flowers and fruits
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Primary trend in plant evolution:
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Growing independent from water
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Cuticles
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Coat outer cells and limit water loss
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Liverworts and hornworts
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Are also non vascular and seedless plants
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Non vascular plants
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Lack vessels for water and nutrients transport & support
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Non vascular plants reproduce
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With swimming sperm
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Vascular plants
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Have simple vessels
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Club mosses and horsetails
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Are also vascular seedless plants
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Mitosis
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Making exact copies of the cell
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Meiosis
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Dividing the number of chromosome sets in half
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Animals form gametes by
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Meiosis
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Plants form gametes by
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Mitosis
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1n
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Haploid
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2n
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Diploid
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Gametophytes are
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Haploid
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Sporophytes are
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Diploid
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Haploid spores are produced by
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The sporophyte through meiosis
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Spores grow into
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Gametophytes
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Gametophytes produce gametes via
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Mitosis
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Gametes fuse and form a
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Zygote
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Short & restricted to areas and times with abundant water
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Non vascular plants
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Mosses
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Most common non vascular seedless plant
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Gametophytes dominance
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Sporophytes sprout from and depend on gametophyte
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Gametophytes are
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Haploid
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Horsetails
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Most common vascular seedless plant
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Vascular plants
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Have the ability to grow taller
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Seedless plants
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Require swimming sperm
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Ferns possess
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Roots, stems and leaves
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Spores travel
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Long distances via wind
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Sporophytes
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Produce spores
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Diploid zygote
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Forms into sporophyte
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Seeds
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Embryonic dormant sporophyte
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Seeds contain
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energy for growth
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Seeds have
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Specialized transport cells
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Seeds are protected by
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A seed coat
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Seeds reproduce
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Independent from water
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Xylem is
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Non living
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Xylem transports
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Water and minerals away from roots
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Phloem is
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Alive
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Phloem transports
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Sugar all throughout the plant in any direction
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Gymno-
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Naked
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Female cones
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Produce and house female gametophytes
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Male cones
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Produce pollen
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants
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Angiosperms
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Dominate the plant world
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Angiosperms go through
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Double fertilization
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Double fertilization results in
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A zygote and endosperm
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Non vascular
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Large gametophytes
Small sporophytes
Gametophytes dominate
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Vascular
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Small gametophytes
Large sporophytes
Sporophytes dominate
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The short system is
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The stem and leaves
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Nodes
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Attaches leaves to stems
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Roots
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Uptake water and minerals
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Epidermis
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Outermost layer
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Periderm
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Only found in roots and stem of woody plants
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Parenchyma
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Living
Photosynthesizes and stores
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Chollenchyma
|
Living
Supportive cells make up thickened cell walls
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Sclerenchyma
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Living until maturity
Leaving behind cell walls
Components of wood
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Stomata
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Pores on bottom of leaves
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Guard cells
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Allow gases in/out
Allow water out from leaves
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Primary growth
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Length of stems
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Secondary growth
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Lateral growth (girth)
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Meristems
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Stem cells
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Meristems can
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Divide and produce new cells
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Apex-
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Tip
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Apical meristem
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Primary growth
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Lateral meristems produce
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Layers of phloem and xylem
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Diffusion
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From high concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis
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Water moving across a semi permeable membrane
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Water follows
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Minerals
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Water moved to where
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There is less water
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Water moves through lipids
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With the help of aquaporins
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Aquaporins
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Provide a path for the water to go through
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Plant cells do not burst because of
|
Cell wall
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Vascular cylinder contains
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Xylem and phloem
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Endodermis surrounds
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Vascular cylinder
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Atp energy
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Pumps minerals up the roots
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Ethylene made in
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All parts in response to wounds, droughts, and temperature change
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Pulling
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Negative pressure
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Transpiration
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Water evaporating from leaves
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Cohesion
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Water molecules sticking together
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Tension
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A pulling force generated by transpiration
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Phloem
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From sources to sinks
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Sources
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Leaves
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Sinks
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Fruits
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Pushing
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Positive pressure
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Photo synthesizing cells pump sugar into
|
Phloem
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Water flows from xylem to phloem
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Osmosis
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__ pushes phloem sap
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Pressure
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Hormones
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Chemical secreted to influence target cells
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Groups of hormones
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Steroids
Amino acid derivatives
Gases
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Gibberellin made in
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Apical meristems
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Gibberellin:
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Seed germination
Stem elongation
Fruit growth & enlargement
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Auxins made in
|
Apical meristems
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Auxins:
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Stem elongation
Fruit growth
Inhibits lateral bud growth
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Ethylene:
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Ripens fruit
Stimulates leaf and flower loss
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Absicic acid made in
|
Many parts in response to stress
|
Absicic acid:
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Closes stomata preventing growth and germination
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Tropism
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Movement in response to a stimulus
|
Photo-
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Light
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Phototropism
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Growth towards the light as auxins accumulate on the bended side
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Gravitropism
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Opposite from phototropism
Roots grow where auxins are most concentrated And bend where they are least concentrated
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Transpire
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Lose water
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High pressure flows to
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Low pressure (why water returns to xylem)
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Using
|
You have less of it
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Peri-
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Around
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Sclera-
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Tough
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