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CHEM 233: ORGANIC EXAM 1
Aromatic hydrocarbon
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cyclic structure of alternating single/double bonds. When bonded to something else, it is called a phenyl group.
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alkyl halide
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R-X (where X is F, Cl, Br, I)
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Alcohol
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R-X where X is an OH group
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ether |
an oxygen atom is bonded to 2 carbon atoms. (-c-o-c-). middle four blue are hydrogen. functional group is an alcoxy group
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Amine |
RNH2 or R2NH or R3N
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Thiol |
R-SH
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Sulfide |
R-S-R (Functional group: alkylthio group)
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Aldehyde |
Carbonyl and hydrogen
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ketone |
carbon double bonded to one oxygen, and two R-groups
O=C–R
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R'
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Carboxylic Acid
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Contains a carbonyl and hydroxyl group
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Ester |
Contains a carbonyl and alkoxy group |
amide |
Contains a carbonyl and amino group
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Acid Chloride
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Carbonyl group and a chloride
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Acid anhydride
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2 carbonyl groups separated by an oxygen
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Element effect
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Bronsted Acidity increases as the atom to which the acidic Hydrogen is connected increases in atomic number
HI is stronger than HF because their bond is weaker
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Inductive effect
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Increasing electronegativity of neighbouring atom can lead to more deshielded protons.
However, the inductive effect decreases dramatically with the increase of distance from the electronegative element.
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Resonance Effect
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resonance of conjugate base stabilizes Conjugate base and makes it more acidic
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Hybridization effect?
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The higher the percent s-character of the hybrid orbital, the more stable the conjugate base.
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steric hindrance
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the repulsive interactions between atoms in close proximity, raising the molecule's energy.
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barrier to rotation
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the energy difference between the lowest and highest energy conformations
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angle strain
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strain induced in a molecule when bond angles are forced to deviate from the ideal 109.5 degree tetrahedral value
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