CHEM 233: ORGANIC EXAM 1
21 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
Aromatic hydrocarbon
|
cyclic structure of alternating single/double bonds. When bonded to something else, it is called a phenyl group.
|
alkyl halide
|
R-X (where X is F, Cl, Br, I)
|
Alcohol
|
R-X where X is an OH group
|
ether
|
an oxygen atom is bonded to 2 carbon atoms. (-c-o-c-). middle four blue are hydrogen. functional group is an alcoxy group
|
Amine
|
RNH2 or R2NH or R3N
|
Thiol
|
R-SH
|
Sulfide
|
R-S-R (Functional group: alkylthio group)
|
Aldehyde
|
Carbonyl and hydrogen
|
ketone
|
carbon double bonded to one oxygen, and two R-groups
O=C–R
|
R'
|
Carboxylic Acid
|
Contains a carbonyl and hydroxyl group
|
Ester
|
Contains a carbonyl and alkoxy group
|
amide
|
Contains a carbonyl and amino group
|
Acid Chloride
|
Carbonyl group and a chloride
|
Acid anhydride
|
2 carbonyl groups separated by an oxygen
|
Element effect
|
Bronsted Acidity increases as the atom to which the acidic Hydrogen is connected increases in atomic number
HI is stronger than HF because their bond is weaker
|
Inductive effect
|
Increasing electronegativity of neighbouring atom can lead to more deshielded protons.
However, the inductive effect decreases dramatically with the increase of distance from the electronegative element.
|
Resonance Effect
|
resonance of conjugate base stabilizes Conjugate base and makes it more acidic
|
Hybridization effect?
|
The higher the percent s-character of the hybrid orbital, the more stable the conjugate base.
|
steric hindrance
|
the repulsive interactions between atoms in close proximity, raising the molecule's energy.
|
barrier to rotation
|
the energy difference between the lowest and highest energy conformations
|
angle strain
|
strain induced in a molecule when bond angles are forced to deviate from the ideal 109.5 degree tetrahedral value
|