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Aromatic hydrocarbon
cyclic structure of alternating single/double bonds. When bonded to something else, it is called a phenyl group.
alkyl halide
R-X (where X is F, Cl, Br, I)
Alcohol
R-X where X is an OH group
ether
an oxygen atom is bonded to 2 carbon atoms. (-c-o-c-). middle four blue are hydrogen. functional group is an alcoxy group
Amine
RNH2 or R2NH or R3N
Thiol
R-SH
Sulfide
R-S-R (Functional group: alkylthio group)
Aldehyde
Carbonyl and hydrogen
ketone
carbon double bonded to one oxygen, and two R-groups O=C–R | R'
Carboxylic Acid
Contains a carbonyl and hydroxyl group
Ester
Contains a carbonyl and alkoxy group
amide
Contains a carbonyl and amino group
Acid Chloride
Carbonyl group and a chloride
Acid anhydride
2 carbonyl groups separated by an oxygen
Element effect
Bronsted Acidity increases as the atom to which the acidic Hydrogen is connected increases in atomic number HI is stronger than HF because their bond is weaker
Inductive effect
Increasing electronegativity of neighbouring atom can lead to more deshielded protons. However, the inductive effect decreases dramatically with the increase of distance from the electronegative element.
Resonance Effect
resonance of conjugate base stabilizes Conjugate base and makes it more acidic
Hybridization effect?
The higher the percent s-character of the hybrid orbital, the more stable the conjugate base.
steric hindrance
the repulsive interactions between atoms in close proximity, raising the molecule's energy.
barrier to rotation
the energy difference between the lowest and highest energy conformations
angle strain
strain induced in a molecule when bond angles are forced to deviate from the ideal 109.5 degree tetrahedral value

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