last time: conceptual art / software artoutline for todaywhat is open source software?what is free/libre/open source software?Other definitions of OSSexamples of open source softwareSlide 8example of open source softwareopen source software sitessome dates from the history of open sourceconventional models of software developmentopen source software developmentSlide 14open source business modelsopen source companiesSlide 17open source licensingGNU General Public Licensecreative commonscreative commons’ licenses explainedSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24open source as artart as open sourceis software a form of politics?open source in generallarry lessig on free culturenext time: networks and protocolsopen source and free culturefdm 20c introduction to digital medialecture 16.10.2008warren sack / film & digital media department / university of california, santa cruzlast time: conceptual art / software artoutline for today•definition: what is open source software?•examples of open source software•history of free software and open source•open source business models•open source software development model•open source art?–what, other than software, might be open source?•free culture: open source licensing models & beyond–copyleft and other legal means–lessig’s creative commons project•where will possible midterm questions be posted?what is open source software?•Open Source software is distributed with its source code. The Open Source Definition has three essential features:–It allows free re-distribution of the software without royalties or licensing fees to the author–It requires that source code be distributed with the software or otherwise made available for no more than the cost of distribution–It allows anyone to modify the software or derive other software from it, and to redistribute the modified software under the same terms.•Steven Weber, The Political Economy of Open Source Software, BRIE Working Paper 140, •http://brie.berkeley.edu/~briewww/pubs/pubs/wp/wp140.pdfwhat is free/libre/open source software?•Users are allowed to run the software for any purpose.•Users are able to closely examine and study the software and are able to freely modify and improve it to fill their needs better.•Users are able to give copies of the software to other people to whom the software will be useful•Users are able to improve the software and freely distribute their improvements to the broader public so that they, as a whole, benefit.–FLOSS Is Not Just Good for Your TeethOther definitions of OSS•http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd•http://www.fsf.org•Florian Cramer essay assigned in today’s readings•Note also that Eben Moglen of Columbia University and the Free Software Foundation (original author of the “copyleft” General Public License) is speaking today on campus: 3:00pm at the University Center in the Alumni Room.examples of open source software•Operating Systems–Linux–FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD: The BSDs are all based on the Berkeley Systems Distribution of Unix, developed at the University of California, Berkeley. Another BSD based open source project is Darwin, which is the foundation of Apple's Mac OS X.examples of open source software•Internet–Apache, which runs over 50% of the world's web servers.–BIND, the software that provides the DNS (domain name service) for the entire Internet.–sendmail, the most important and widely used email transport software on the Internet.–Mozilla, the open source redesign of the Netscape Browser–OpenSSL is the standard for secure communication (strong encryption) over the Internet.categories.example of open source software•Programming Tools–Zope, and PHP, are popular engines behind the "live content" on the World Wide Web.–Languages:•Perl•Python•Ruby•Tcl/Tk–GNU compilers and tools•GCC•Make•Autoconf•Automake•etc.open source software sites•Free Software Foundation www.fsf.org•Open Source Initiative www.opensource.org•Freshmeat.net•SourceForge.net•OSDir.com•developer.BerliOS.de•Bioinformatics.org•see also individual project sites; e.g., www.apache.org; www.cpan.org; etc.some dates from the history of open source•1970s: UNIX operating system developed at Bell Labs and by a diverse group of contributors outside of Bell Labs; later AT&T enforces intellectual property rights and “closes” the code•1983: Richard Stallman founds the Free Software Foundation•1993: Linus Torvalds releases first version of Linux built•1997: Debian Free Software Guidelines released•1998: Netscape releases Navigator in sourceconventional models of software development•waterfall–from requirements to code without a backward turn•historically used for large military and corporate software productions; originally used because computing time was expensive•spiral–iterative cycles of requirements, development, testing, redrafting of requirements, etc.•B. W. Boehm. “A spiral model of software development and enhancement”. IEEE Computer, 21(5):61--72, 1988open source software development•bazaar–“Treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle route to rapid code improvement and effective debugging.”–Linus’s Law: “Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.”–Eric Steven Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/open source software developmentCoredeveloper(s)MaintainersPatchersBug reportersDocumentersUsersUsersUsersUsersopen source business models•service•support•education•extensionsopen source companies•IBM•uses and develops Apache and Linux; created Secure Mailer and created other software on AlphaWorks•Apple•released core layers of Mac OS X Server as an open source BSD operating system called Darwin; open sourced the QuickTime Streaming Server, the OpenPlay network gaming toolkit, etc.•HP•uses and releases products running Linux•Sun•uses Linux; supports some open source development efforts(Forte IDE for Java and the Mozilla web browser)open source companies•Red Hat Software–Linux vendor •ActiveState–develops and sells professional tools for Perl, Python, and Tcl/tk developers.open source licensing•see http://www.opensource.org/licenses/–apache software license–python license–ibm public license–apple public source license–etc.GNU General Public License•see http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.htmlcreative