network protocols addresses and mark up languages fdm 20c introduction to digital media lecture 21 10 2008 warren sack film digital media department university of california santa cruz last time free culture and open source some key points so far 1 When technologies connect or separate people they become media 2 Technologies embody social political cultural economic and philosophical ideas and relationships 3 When a medium is new it is often used to simulate old media 4 New media do not replace old media they displace them key point for today People make media and then media make people This is another paraphrase from Marshall McLuhan s book Understanding Media which was in turn a paraphrase of something Winston Churchill said about architecture outline for today the web as a technology who is tim berners lee an abbreviated reading of the world wide web by berners lee et al what are URIs universal resource identifiers what is HTML the hypertext markup language what is HTTP the hypertext transfer protocol the WWW is only a part of the Internet the web as an art form lisa jevbratt 1 1 mark napier shredder rsg collective carnivore who is tim berners lee tim berners lee cv education b a physics queen s college oxford university employment senior research scientist laboratory for computer science lcs mit and 3com founders chair lcs mit and director of the world wide web consortium software engineer cern the european particle physics laboratory in geneva switzerland fellowship at cern software engineer image computer systems ltd consultant at cern software engineer d j nash ltd dorsett uk software engineer plessey telecommunications ltd poole dorsett uk questions the world wide web what is the stated motivation of the research The WWW was developed to be a pool of human knowledge which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project what problem does this research address Originally the work was to provide a graphical interface to a set of distributed files used in physics project management at CERN questions continued who funded this research Currently and or previously supported by CERN DARPA the European Commission INRIA Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique Keio University of Japan Shonan Fujisawa Campus ERCIM European Research Consortium in Informatics and Mathematics MIT and the WWW Consortium what is the economics of the work the economics of standards what is the stated genealogy of the technology bush s memex nelson s writings on hypertext berners lee s early implementations questions continued who is the intended audience Association for Computing Machinery ACM Communications of the ACM see www acm org who are the dramatis personae of the article humans physicists engineers what narrative strategies are employed in the article origin story technical reference how to manual othering who are we who are they consider the competing standards e g wais gopher ftp and the existing utopic writings e g xanadu questions continued what is thinking reading writing see nelson and engelbart what other texts are cited definitions of various standards what is the www answer 1 a collaboratively authored hypertext answer 2 it is a standard organizations and standards writing standards is a process of collaborative writing the practical politics of classifying and standardizing There are two aspects of these politics arriving at categories and standards and in the process deciding what will be visible within the system and of course what will thus then be invisible The negotiated nature of standards and classifications follows from indeterminacy and multiplicity that whatever appears as universal or indeed standard is the result of negotiations or conflict How do these negotiations take place Who determines the final outcome in preparing a formal classification Visibility issues arise as one decides where to make the cuts in the system for example down to what level of detail one specifies a description of work of an illness of a setting Because there are always advantages and disadvantages to being visible this becomes crucial in the workability of the schema Geoffrey C Bowker and Susan Leigh Star How things actor net work Classification magic and the ubiquity of standards http weber ucsd edu gbowker actnet html who wrote influenced the www standards what is the international standards organization iso what is the internet engineering task force ietf what is a request for comments rfc who belongs to the world wide web consortium iso international standards organization ISO is a network of national standards institutes from 145 countries working in partnership with international organizations governments industry business and consumer representatives It acts as a bridge between public and private sector It has created over 17 000 standards ISO standards are developed according to the following principles Consensus The views of all interests are taken into account manufacturers vendors and users consumer groups testing laboratories governments engineering professions and research organizations Industry wide Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide Voluntary International standardization is market driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the market place from the ISO website www iso ch ietf internet engineering task force The Internet Engineering Task Force IETF is a large open international community of network designers operators vendors and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet It is open to any interested individual The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its working groups which are organized by topic into several areas e g routing transport security etc Much of the work is handled via mailing lists The IETF holds meetings three times per year rfc request for comments Each distinct version of an Internet standards related specification is published as part of the Request for Comments RFC document series This archival series is the official publication channel for Internet standards documents and Internet community RFCs can be obtained from a number of Internet hosts using anonymous FTP gopher World Wide Web and other Internet document retrieval systems e g www ietf org rfc The RFC series of documents on networking began in 1969 as part of the original ARPA wide area networking