PSYCH 111 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. Psychology DefinedII. 4 Goals of PsychologyIII. History and Psychological InquiryIV. Applied PsychologyCurrent Lecture1. Psychology Defineda. Reflects the influences of:i. Biological Processesii. Individual differencesiii. Time and Culture2. 4 goals of Psychologya. Describe how people and animals behaveb. Understand and explain the causes of behaviorc. Predict behaviors/reactions across situationsd. Control behavior through understanding its causes and consequences3. History and Psychological Inquirya. Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany (1879)i. Analyzed Conciousness: a person’s subjective experience of the world andmind. ii. Structuralism: Wundt explored the relationship between the basic elements that constitute the mind (conscious experience of sensations and feelings, relied on introspection). b. William James: built on the principles of introspection and the study of consciousexperiences, but instead focused on the why and the adaptive reasons for what and how we perceive in the real world.i. Functionalism: the study of the function or purpose conscious mental processes severe in enabling people to adapt to their environment.c. Psychoanalytic Perspectivei. Influence of Sigmund Freud These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Identified the role of unconscious forces that determine thoughts, feelings, and behavioriii. Personality is dependent on early life experiencesiv. Drives and motivations conflict leading to compromises (defense mechanisms, symptoms)v. Focus on sexual and aggressive impulsivesd. Classic example of a “Freudian Slip” which demonstrates elements of unconscious processing according to this perspective.e. Humanistic Perspectivei. Rejected psychoanalytic perspective as too pessimisticii. Stresses positive potential of all humansiii. Believes in free williv. Posits an inherent drive to develop and reach full potentialf. Behaviorist Perspectivei. Focus on observable behavioral responsesii. Emphasizes the environmental impact on a person’s actionsiii. Classical Conditioning1. Associative learning pairing stimuli and responseiv. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)1. Another key focus of the behaviorist perspective2. Explores reinforcement and punishment as determinants of behaviorv. Social Learning Theory (Bandura): Behavior is influenced by the observation of othersg. Cognitive Perspectivei. Reintroduced how one thinks affects behavior and responsesii. Studies the mental processes involved in knowingiii. Explores how one understands and then thinks about solving problemsiv. Focus is on storage and retrieval of information v. Mind is like a computerh. Biological/Biopsychological Perspective and Cognitive Neurosciencei. Understand the mind and behavior through biological processes in the brainii. Explores the electrical and chemical processes of neurons affecting mood,perception, cognition, and behavioriii. Localization of function1. Phineas Gagei. Evolutionary Psychology:i. Understands mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive selection of traits and functions over timeii. Seeks to understand a variety of research findings within this theoretical frameworkj. Developmental Psychologyi. Explores universal aspects of physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development across the lifespanii. Identifies variations in development across experiencek. Social: individual and group behaviors and responses across situationsi. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority ii. Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Studyiii. Social psychology also studies altruism and bystander behaviorl. Cultural Psychologyi. Identifies and explores the role of culture on the psychological processes of its membersii. Culture can influences thoughts, perceptions and behaviorm. Personality: Define, describe and measure the stability of behaviors and personality traits over timen. Psychometric: Looks at the measurement of behavior through the development of psychological testso. Experimental: conduct lab studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology and cognitionp. Health: Interaction between psychological factors and physical well-being and illness4. Applied Psychologya. Clinical: diagnose and treat emotional problemsi. Neuropsychology: focus on cns disorders, trauma, dementiaii. Forensic Psychology: interact w/ the legal system involving competency, custody and risk assessmentb. Counseling: deal with problems of everyday life and transitionsc. School/Educational: enhance school performance and resolve emotional problems, curriculum and teacher trainingd. Industrial/Organizational: Staff human service departments in business working on issues of morale, job satisfaction and productivity