Theories Hierarchy of Needs—Maslow Individual Actualization—Rogers Mistaken Goals—Adler Social Learning Theory—Bandura Moral Development—Kohlberg Systems Theories…Context Temperament—Jung Abraham Maslow… Hierarchy of needs Self-Actualization Esteem Love Safety Food and Shelter Rogers: Human Potential Self Direction and Responsibility Adult Facilitates and Supports Awareness of Feelings Accurate Perception Trust Child’s Decision Making Trust the Child to Solve Problems Rogers: Human Potential Who owns the problem? Active Listening I-messages Adler: Psychoanalytic Focus on the motivations for problem behaviors. What Adler sees as the underlying reasons… Needing undue attention Seeking power over others Hurting others for revenge Displaying inadequacy or incompetence Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Not developmental Environmentally based o Change the Environment Reinforcement=information Modeling Moral Development * Empathy * Conscience * Altruism * Moral ReasoningAlbert Bandura Social Cognitive Learning Theory applies Behaviorist Theory to social learning…means that he says that children do what we model. Lawrence Kohlberg… Applied Developmental Theory to moral behavior….therefore he said that kids go through stages of moral development based on their cognition. Systems Theorists Uri Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Theory Murray Bowen Virginia Satir Family Systems Theory An Ecological approach… Bronfenbrenner Microsystem—immediate environments Mesosystem—connections Exosystem—broader systems Macrosystem—larger influences Chronosystem—time…history Uri Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory "Context" Microsystem…e.g. family of origin, schools, the community, and the church, synagogue, or mosque. Mesosystem…This describes the interaction between the various Microsystems Exosystem…the context in which policies are made and influenced, which ultimately have an impact on the elements of the microsystem and the individual. Macrosystem… The recognition that a society has a set of overarching cultural values and beliefs that also affects development by giving its members either implicit or explicit rules about what is or is not acceptable behavior. Chronosystem… This system reflects the changes that happen over time. Family Systems Theory Murray Bowen Virginia Satir Family System’s Concepts 1. Differentiation of Self 2. Triangles (Tryads) and Dyads 3. Nuclear Family emotional processes 4. Family Projection Process 5. Multigenerational Transmission Process 6. Sibling Position 7. Emotional cutoffThe Dog Mom Equilibrium…comfort The Triangle Disequilibrium…learning The Dyad Differentiation of Self …an individual's ability to separate emotional and cognitive functioning from the family context. Emotional Patterns Withdrawing Getting sick Open Conflict Projection… Projection Multi Generational Transmission (or why our families are weird!) Sibling Position Emotional Cut Off Success ….with any style very much depends on the child's temperament! Temperaments: Inborn Tendency Toward World Carl Jung, Katherine Briggs, Isabel Meyers, Stella Chess, Alexander Thomas, Ronald Lally Temperament Types: Nature Easy…Flexible…Easy Going… Content…Lazy Spirited…Difficult…Feisty…Energetic …Enthusiastic Thoughtful…Cautious…Slow-to-Warm…Fearful… Temperament Indicators 1. Activity Level 2. Regularity/Rythmicity 3. Approach/Withdrawal 4. Adaptability 5. Threshold of Response Emotional Sensitivity Self Others Sensory Awareness 6. Intensity of Reaction 7. Quality of Mood 8. Distractibility 9. Attention Span and