Language and Social Class1Languageand Social Class2What is Social Class?• Social class involves grouping people together and according them status within society according to the groups they belong to.3What is Social Class?• A number of modern thinkers have tried to define what makes a particular “social class.”– Is it accent?– …neighborhood?– …occupation?– …income?–…wealth?Language and Social Class24Variables of Social Class•Power– The degree to which a person can control other people• Wealth– Objects or symbols owned by people which have value attached to them• Prestige– The degree of respect, favorable regard, or importance accorded to a person by members of society5http://www.nytimes.com/pages/national/class/index.html6Determinants of Social Class• One way to think of a person’s position in society is to imagine a hand of cards. Everyone is dealt four cards, one from each suit: education, income, occupation and wealth, the four commonly used criteria for gauging class. Face cards in a few categories may land a player in the upper middle class. At first, a person's class is his parents' class. Later, he may pick up a new hand of his own; it is likely to resemble that of his parents, but not always.Language and Social Class37Where do you fit in?8Defining Social Class• In the feudal system of land ownership, the nobility of land owners, with its sense of family tradition, privilege, and knightly conduct became the dominant ruling group.• In most modern industrial societies, the system of social stratification is much more fluid. We experience a good deal of social mobility—people, through generations or perhaps in their own lifetime, moving up or down the social scale.The United States of America is a classless and egalitarian societyDo you agree or disagree?Language and Social Class410Class Structure in the U.S.• Two upper classes– Upper upper : Old money– Lower upper : New money• Three middle classes– Upper middle : Professional– Middle class : White collar and entrepreneurs– Working class : Blue collar• Two lower classes– Upper lower : Unskilled laborers– Lower lower : Socially and economicallydisadvantagedThe American DreamHas your chance to move up from one class to another increased or decreased over the last 30 years?12The American Dream• Has your chance to move up from one class to another increased or decreased over the last 30 years?– 40% of Americans believe that it has increased.– 35% believe that there has been no change.– 23% believe that it has decreased.Language and Social Class513The American Dream• “I think the system is as fair as you can make it,” Ernie Frazier, a 65-year-old real estate investor in Houston. “I don’t think life is necessarily fair. But if you persevere, you can overcome adversity. It has to do with a person’s willingness to work hard, and I think it’s always been that way.”14The American Dream• “They call it the land of opportunity, and I don’t think that's changed much,” said Diana Lackey, a 60-year-old homemaker and wife of a retired contractor in Fulton, N.Y., near Syracuse. “Times are much, much harder with all the downsizing, but we’re still a wonderful country.”15The American Dream?• One study found that fewer families moved from one quintile, or fifth, of the income ladder to another during the 1980's than during the 1970's and that still fewer moved in the 90's than in the 80's.• A study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics also found that mobility declined from the 80's to the 90's.• The incomes of brothers born around 1960 have followed a more similar path than the incomes of brothers born in the late 1940's. Whatever children inherit from their parents - habits, skills, genes, contacts, money - seems to matter more today.Language and Social Class616The American Dream?• Social mobility is not higher in the United States than in Britain or France. It is lower here than in Canada and some Scandinavian countries but not as low as in developing countries like Brazil, where escape from poverty is so difficult that the lower class is all but frozen in place.• Those comparisons may seem hard to believe. Britain and France had hereditary nobilities; Britain still has a queen. The founding document of the United States proclaims all men to be created equal. The American economy has also grown more quickly than Europe’s in recent decades, leaving an impression of boundless opportunity.• But the United States differs from Europe in ways that can gum up the mobility machine. Because income inequality is greater here,there is a wider disparity between what rich and poor parents can invest in their children. Perhaps as a result, a child’s economic background is a better predictor of school performance in the United States than in Denmark, the Netherlands or France.17The American Dream?• “Being born in the elite in the U.S. gives you a constellation of privileges that very few people in the world have ever experienced.”• “Being born poor in the U.S. gives you disadvantages unlike anything in Western Europe and Japan and Canada.”18Indexes of Social Class• How you look• How you dress• How you talk• What you like to do• Where you live• What your house looks like• What you eatLanguage and Social Class719How do you identify social class?• Describe the features of the speaker’s looks, dress, talk, and actions that help you to identify the speaker's social class.• How would you describe the social class of the speaker?• Tour of the House• Tuscan Kitchen• Mitsubishi TV• Garden Party• Bougie Girls• Tammy’s Story• Bill and the SuitsHow does social class affect language?21William Labov’sDepartment Store Study• Saks Fifth Avenue–At 50thStreet and 5thAvenue, near the center of the high fashion shopping district• Macy's– Herald Square. 34thStreet and Sixth Avenue, near the garment district•S. Klein– Union Square. 14thStreet and Broadway, not far from the Lower East SideLanguage and Social Class822William Labov’sDepartment Store Study• The three stores are classified by– Their location– The number of pages of advertising in The New York Times and in The Daily News– The prices of comparable items (e.g., in 1962, women's coats averaged $90 in Sacks, $79.95 in Macy's, and $23 in Klein's)– The size and layout of the store23William Labov’sDepartment Store StudyThe