BIOL 2107k 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (August 26)I. The scientific method 1. uses Observation to direct Experimentation, Hypotheses driven research and Generates a testable predictionA. Controls vs. ExperimentalsB. Support or refute hypotheses through research1. Theory is a general explanation for phenomenon based on a wealth of observation and experimental data2. If results are not consistent, reject or revise hypothesisII. Characteristics of life1. Complexity (spatial organization)2. Ability to change in response to the environmentA. Maintain homeostasis- balanceB. Acquire/use energyC. GrowthD. Ability to reproduceE. Capacity to evolve- not like animalsIII. Origin of life1. Spontaneous generation- says that living things arise from nonliving matter2. Life begets life (review experiments that disproves spontaneous generationIV. Central dogma-DNA-RNA-ProteinsV. Cells.1. Life begins with cells2. ALL CELLS have Plasma membrane, a Cytoplasm stores Genetic information and Ribosomes that make proteins.3. Eukaryotic cells Also have a Nucleus and a Membrane-bound organellesVI. The three domains of life Bacteria, Archea and EukaryotesLecture 2 (September 28) Chapter 1 continueEvolution- unity and diversity among living organismNatural Vs Artificial selectionEnvironmental Vs genetic variation- environmental versus mutationsPhylogenetic relationship- we are very closely related to champs/ tree of lifeEcological interactions and evolution impacts ecological systemsChapter 2I. Elements and compounds1. Everything is comprised of matter2. Elements- pure substance that cannot be broken down 3. Compounds- conjoined elements in fixed ratiosA. 92 naturally occurring elementsB. 25 of 92 are required for lifeC. Traces are required in minute quantitiesII. Atomic Basis1. Elements are made up of one time of atom2. Isotopes – same protons but different neutrons3. Ions – loss or gain of electrons4. Different chemical behavior per electrons in outermost shellsIII. Chemical bonds1. When bonds interact. Their identity does not change just their bonds2. Strongest bonds are covalent and ionic3. Covalent bond (share electrons)A. Covalent can be nonpolar or,B. Polar (unequal sharing)4. Ionic bond (charged, transfer electrons)A. Cation (positive charge)B. Anion (negative charge)IV. Chemical reactions1. Occur when bonds are made or brokenA. Reactants transformed into productsB. Atoms maintain integrity, bonds changeV. Qualities of water1. PolarityA. O2 is electronegativeB. Can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds at any given time2. CohesionA. Is due to hydrogen bondingB. moves water against gravityC. yields adhesionD. gives greater surface tension (we have surfactant in our lungs to do this)3. Water resists temperature changesA. kinetic energy such as;A. heat,B. temperature B. heat moves from a warmer body to a cooler oneMeasured in Celsius, Calorie, Kilocalorie, JouleC. High specific heatA. boiling water cools faster due to hydrogen bondingB. mild coastal climatesD. High heat of vaporization- cools as it evaporatesA. moderates climateB. cools mammals off4. Ice floats1. Water is less dense as a solid2. Water forms crystalline lattice3. Water is Important in aqueous ecosystems – live under the ice surface5. Water is NOT a universal solvent, but pretty closeVI. Acid and bases1. AcidA. Increases relative [H+] of a solutionB. Removes OH- as it combines with proton. Ph is lower than 72. BaseA. Reduces relative [H+] of a solutionB. May alternatively increase [OH-]. Ph is higher than 73. Solutions- homogenous A. [H+]= [OH-] NeutralB. [H+] greater than [OH-] AcidicC. [H+] less than [OH-] BasicVII. Buffers1. Substance that prevents a large, sudden change in pH2. Work by:A. Accepting H+ ions when in excessB. Donating H+ ions when depleted (Example: Bicarbonate buffer in blood)Lecture 3 (September 4) Chapter 2 continueI. Carbon1. Most versatile of all building blocks of matterA. It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalent)B. It has variety of shapes and carbon skeletonsII. Proteins1. Amino Acids- have both carboxyl and amino groups (20)2. There are four main groups of amino acidsA. Nonpolar/HydrophobicB. Polar/HydrophilicC. Electrically charged acids/ HydrophilicD. Electrically charged bases/ Hydrophilic3. Amino acids are Linked by peptide bonds4. Protein functionsA. It is More than just a polypeptide chainB. Amino acid sequence determines folding patternC. Two types Globular and Fibrous5. Function of proteins depends on ability to recognize other molecules (ie active site)III. Nucleic acids2. Genes (DNA) code for amino acid sequences3. Nucleic acids Store and Transmit Information4. There are two main types: DNA and RNA5. Sites of protein synthesis are ribosomesIV. Carbohydrates 1. MonosaccharidesB. GlucoseA. One Carbonyl GroupB. Multiple Hydroxyl GroupsC. Divided up by the size of their C-skeletonA. Six carbons- hexosesB. Three carbons- triosesC. Five carbons- pentosesD. Carbohydrates are Joined together by glycosidic linkages (covalent bonds)V. Lipids1. Lipids Is a diverse hydrophobic group Most are hydrocarbons that are smaller than true macromolecules (not true polymers), They are made from one glycerol and three fatty acids (triacylglycerol).2. fatty acids are long (16-18) C skeletonsA. Carboxyl group at one (acids)B. Hydrocarbon group attached to carboxyl groupC. Nonpolar C-H bonds make the fatty acids hydrophobicD. fatty acids join to glycerol with an ester linkage (covalent bond)3. Include waxes, some pigments, phospholipids and steroids4. Store large amounts of energyLecture 4 (September 9) chapter 3I. Overview of protein synthesis1. Transcription: synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA (mRNA)2. Translation: synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of mRNAII. RNA types involved in transcription mRNA – tRNA, rRNA, snRNA (euk), microRNA, and siRNAIII. Transcription I1. UTR: leader sequence, contains a RNA Polymerase binding site2. Shine-Delgarno (P), Kozak (E)3. Promoter region on DNA: where RNA polymerase attaches and where initiation of RNA begins 4. RNA polymerase (RNAP): pries DNA apart and hooks RNA nucleotides together from the DNA code5. Terminator region: sequence that signals the end of transcription6. Transcription unit: stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA moleculeIII. Transcription II1. Initiation~ RNAP binds to initiator sequence (TATA box)2. Elongation~ DNA unwinds, not added to the 3’ end3. Termination~ RNAP reaches terminator