10/3/2007 Receiver notes 1/2 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS 4 Receiver Design We’re finally done studying microwave components! We can now take our palette of components and construct useful radio systems—specifically, a microwave receiver. A radio receiver must simultaneously complete two tasks: 1) Select one (and only one) desired signal from the electromagnetic spectrum, amplify it, and present it to a detector/demodulator, so the information encoded on it can be recovered. 2) Reject (i.e., attenuate) all other signals, so that the only signal to reach the demodulator is the desired signal. We find that the signals occupying the electromagnetic spectrum exist over an extremely large range of frequencies, and an extremely large (dynamic) range of powers—this makes receiver design very challenging! A. The Homodyne Receiver The homodyne receiver is a design that is infrequently used, but helps us understand the problems involved with receiver design. HO: The Homodyne Receiver10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 1/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS The Homodyne Receiver The original radio receiver design was the homodyne receiver. The desired radio signal was selected by tuning a narrow-band amplifier! For example, say at the output of the antenna we find the following signal spectrum. A Homodyne Receiver ()Gω ()ˆit wide-band detector/ demodulator tuning control narrow-band amplifier antenna10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 2/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Each signal represents a different radio channel. If all of these signals reach the detector/demodulator, the output ()it will be a confused mess! It is the job of the receiver to select one signal, amplify it, and present that one (and only one) signal to the detector/demodulator! Thus, the receiver must simultaneously suppress all of the other signals that come out of the antenna. For example, we might tune our amplifier to frequency 2ω: ω 1ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω W/Hz10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 3/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Therefore, the gain in the pass-band is large (()1Gω), while outside the pass-band the gain is small (()1Gω). As a result, the signal at frequency 2ω is amplified, while the signals at all other frequencies are attenuated (i.e., rejected) Æ only the signal at 2ω reaches the detector! Thus, the signal spectrum at the detector/demodulator would look like this: Now, say we tune the amplifier to select the signal at frequency 4ω: ω 1ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω ()Gω 1 ω 1ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω W/Hz ()Gω10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 4/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS YIKES!! WE HAVE A PROBLEM!! The amplifier bandwidth is not sufficiently narrow to reject completely the signal at frequency 5ω, nor the signal at 3ω. We say that this receiver has poor selectivity Æ we need to improve it! Early radio engineers improved homodyne selectivity by adding a tunable, narrow, band-pass filter: ω 1ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω W/Hz ()Gω ()Gω ()ˆit wide-band detector/ demodulator tuning control narrow-band amplifier antenna narrow-band filter tuning control A Selective Homodyne Receiver10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 5/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Therefore, if we tune both the amplifier and filter to frequency 4ω, we might get: Much better selectivity !!! Note that the selectivity (i.e. bandwidth) of the receiver should be just wide enough to allow the entire signal bandwidth to pass (undistorted!) to the detector. Moreover, the roll-off of filter must be steep enough sufficiently attenuate radio signals in adjacent channels. Q: Why don’t we still use this receiver design? A: Because a homodyne Rx has many problems!!! Problem #1 It is very difficult to tune an amplifier and/or filter! ω 1ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω W/Hz ()Gω10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 6/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS * We change the frequency response of an amplifier/filter by changing the values of the reactive components (i.e., inductors and capacitors). * But, the center frequency and bandwidth of an amplifier/filter are related to the inductor and capacitor values in very indirect and complex ways. * Additionally, a filter of high selectivity (i.e., “fast roll-off” ) will be a filter of high order Æ high order means many inductors and capacitors! Result: Tuning a good homodyne receiver can be very difficult, requiring a precise adjustment of many control knobs! Problem #2 The signal reaching the detector can be any one of many frequencies (e.g., 1234,,,ωωωω) distributed across a very wide bandwidth. As a result, the detector must be wideband! Unfortunately we find that a good wideband detector/demodulator is difficult to build. Generally speaking, a detector/demodulator will work well at some frequencies, but less well at others. Q: So how do we fix these problems??10/3/2007 The Homodyne Receiver 7/7 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS A: We can’t! Instead, we use yet another of Edwin Howard Armstrong’s inventions: Æ The Super-Heterodyne Receiver ! Å A 1920’s-30’s advertisement extolling the virtues of the super-heterodyne radio receiver. Note the