3/7/2005 Pushing and Pulling.doc 1/4 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Pushing and Pulling As if oscillators didn’t already have enough problems (e.g., spurs, phase noise, frequency drift) we must consider two more! 1. Frequency Pushing 2. Frequency Pulling Let’s first tackle pushing. Frequency Pushing Every oscillator needs a power supply! Oscillator output power must come from somewhere—typically, this somewhere is a D.C. voltage source. Unfortunately, the operating frequency 0ω of an oscillator is sensitive to this supply voltage. In other words, as the D.C. supply voltage changes, the output frequency can also change. We call this phenomenon frequency pushing. Frequency pushing is expressed in terms of Hz/V or Hz/mV, and can be either a positive or negative value. For example, consider an oscillator with frequency pushing of -500 Hz/mV .3/7/2005 Pushing and Pulling.doc 2/4 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS If its power supply voltage increases by 20 mV, then the operating frequency will change by: ()20 500 20, 000 HzHzmVmV⎛⎞−=−⎜⎟⎝⎠. In other words, the operating frequency will drop by 20 kHz! The effect of frequency pulling can be minimized by: 1. Using a high-Q resonator. 2. Regulating the power supply voltage very well. The best (and thus most expensive) oscillator devices will employ their own (shunt) voltage regulator, right at the oscillator circuit! Pick a zener diode such that the line regulation is small ! V 0cosAtωR +VDC Gnd3/7/2005 Pushing and Pulling.doc 3/4 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS Frequency Pulling The output of an oscillator will always be attached to something (otherwise, what’s the point?). Unfortunately, the impedance of this load can affect the operating frequency of the oscillator! As ΓL changes, so can the frequency ω0 (e.g., ω0(ΓL) ). This phenomenon is called frequency pulling. The oscillator is designed assuming that the load is matched, so that the specified oscillator frequency typically represents the case when ΓL = 0. Frequency pulling is specified as the maximum deviation from this nominal frequency, given some worst case load. For example, a frequency pulling specification might read: “less than 2 kHz at VSWR = 2.5” or “ no more than 5 kHz at 10 dB return loss” LΓ0cosAtω3/7/2005 Pushing and Pulling.doc 4/4 Jim Stiles The Univ. of Kansas Dept. of EECS We can minimize frequency pulling by isolating the oscillator from the load. E.G.,: Recall that an amplifier typically has very large reverse isolation, so that we can use it to isolate the oscillator as well: In either case, the oscillator “thinks” it is delivering its power to a matched load. The frequency of the oscillator will therefore be its nominal (i.e., matched load) value, even though the load may be poorly matched. Q: Why would the load be poorly matched? Wouldn’t we want to deliver the oscillator power to some matched device, like a coupler or amplifier or filter ? A: Actually, one of the most common devices that an oscillator finds itself attached to is the Local Oscillator (LO) port of a mixer—a port that has a notoriously poor return loss. Frequency pulling can be a real problem!
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