REL 137g 1st EditionExam 1 Study GuideAbu Bakr – the first of the four Rightly Guided Sunni caliphs. He began the process of keeping a written record of the Quran. Umar (b. al-Khattab) – the second of the Rightly Guided caliphs. He was named the Military Commander of the Faithful. It was under Umar that the foundations of the caliphate were established. After the conquest of Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Egypt and the Sasanid Empire, Umar was assassinated. Uthman (b. Affan)– the third Rightly Guided caliph. He finished Abu Bakr’s work and produced the canonical collection of the Quran, the Uthmanic Codex. This was the official, authorized written version of the Quran. He was elected after a contest with Ali and was murdered in Medina by rebels who supported Ali. Ali (b. Abi Talib) – the Fourth Rightly guided caliph and the first Shiite caliph. He was the prophet’s cousin and one of the first supporters. He married the Prophet’s daughter, Fatima. The group who eventually went on to be Shiites supported his election to the caliphate after Uthaman’s murder.Mu’awiyah - the governor of Damascus during the Battle of Camel. He was the fifth Sunni caliph(not Rightly Guided) and the first of the Umayyad dynasty (named for his own Bany Umayya tribe), which ruled for over a hundred years. He started the first Islamic civil war in protestation of Ali’s assumption of power. Hasan b. Ali – thought be some to be the right caliph after the Battle of Siffin. He eventually abdicated to let Mu’awiya take the caliphate. Husayn b. Ali – Hasan’s brother and the youngest son of Ali. He was memorialized because the people who would become Shiites also put him up to rival Mu’awiya and the Umayyads. He was killed by Umayyad forces and made infamous because he was the Prophet’s grandson. This murder marked the begging of Shiism. Umayyads – the first Sunni dynasty. A clan within the supreme tribe of Mecca, the Quraysh.Abbasids – the family of the Prophet, they overthrew the Umayyad dynasty after about one hundred years and led the Sunni Muslim world until the 1200s. Caliph – successor to the Prophet, as agreed upon by the community. The chief administrator. Elected only as a temporal leader; his jurisdiction does not extend to the divine realm. Unlike the Prophet, he does not have ‘ismah (divine protection from error). Battle of Suffin – between Ali and Mu’awiya. Mu’awiya committed an act of sedition for refusingto recognize Ali’s authority because Ali would not avenge Uthman’s assassination. Ali set out to put Mu’awiay back in his place. It resulted in a stale mate that was put into arbitration. Shortly after, Ali was killed by his own men and Mu’awiya emerged as the new caliph once Hasan b. Ali, who some recognized as the true caliph (Ali’s son), abdicated. Rightly Guided Caliphs – made up of the first four caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali. They were considered rightly guided because the community recognized that they lived consistently with the Prophet’s teachings. They were men of integrity who did what Muhammad would have done. Sunna – the Prophet’s words, deeds and tacit approvals (things that happened around the Prophet that he decided not to criticize). His leadership by example; a living implementation of the Quran. A way of doing that others follow and therefore make legitimate. Cumulative nature that becomes normative. Some considered them to be normative; these were things the Prophet said/did that he meant to be taken as a norm. Others thought that the sunna was not normative, it was just stuff the Prophet said/did. Hadith – written records of Muhammad’s words and deeds, they make up the Sunna. To those that didn’t believe in normative practice, sunna = hadith. For the others, sunna does not equal hadith because some things that the Prophet said can be were understood to not be taken as normative. Therefore, sunna and hadith are the same except for those who believe the sunna tobe normative. Canonical collections of Sunni hadith – made up of six canonical books: bukhari, muslim, abu dawrd, tirmidhi, ibn majah and nasa’i. These make up the record of all sunna and hadith. The most reliable collection of the hadith. The first 2 are the premiere collections. Five Pillars of Islam – shahadah (declaration of faith; there is no god but God and Muhammad ishis messanger), prayer, fasting during Ramadan, alms (zakat) and pilgrimage (hajj).Articles of Faith (iman) - beliefs, while the pillars are just practices. Internal convictions that arenot external or visible. They are known by God alone; faith. Six things: shahada (belief in) God, angels, all books (including the bible and torah; they are all God’s word), messengers/prophets (Muhammad was the final prophet) the hereafter (physical resurrection, judgment, heaven/hell)qadar (not negating free will but nothing can happen independent of God’s will; people will make decisions but ultimately things would not happen unless God wanted it. Either good or bad). Mu’tazilites – the first school of rationalist theology, most famous for its doctrine of divine justice (God is inherently just). Championed free will. Five principles: justice, monotheism, status between two status (someone who believes but does not practice correctly is in between; a sinner but still a believer), promise and threat, command good and forbid evil. Ash’arites – rivals to the Mu’tazilites but accepted the rationalist notion of reason. Interpreted free will as freedom of choice but not with power. God does not possess accidents (shape, color,movement, emotion, etc). God’s leading characteristic is that he is all-powerful, not that he is just. But because he is above the judgment of everyone else, whatever he does is just. Maturidites – also rivals to the Mu’tazilites. Their defining characteristic was that God is above committing evil and he is wise. God can commit evil but doesn’t unless it serves some greater, wiser purpose. Traditionalism – take a literal interpretation of the Quran. There is an innate recognition of God and he can possess accidents. Traditions and ways of understanding are passed down through a chain of pious ancestors. Not as modern as rationalism, it is more linked to the past and has undergone very little change. Ta’wil – figurative and allegorical interpretation of the Quran; hand does not equal hand, it equal power.Four Sunni schools of law –