REL 137g 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Abu Bakr the first of the four Rightly Guided Sunni caliphs He began the process of keeping a written record of the Quran Umar b al Khattab the second of the Rightly Guided caliphs He was named the Military Commander of the Faithful It was under Umar that the foundations of the caliphate were established After the conquest of Syria Palestine Iraq Egypt and the Sasanid Empire Umar was assassinated Uthman b Affan the third Rightly Guided caliph He finished Abu Bakr s work and produced the canonical collection of the Quran the Uthmanic Codex This was the official authorized written version of the Quran He was elected after a contest with Ali and was murdered in Medina by rebels who supported Ali Ali b Abi Talib the Fourth Rightly guided caliph and the first Shiite caliph He was the prophet s cousin and one of the first supporters He married the Prophet s daughter Fatima The group who eventually went on to be Shiites supported his election to the caliphate after Uthaman s murder Mu awiyah the governor of Damascus during the Battle of Camel He was the fifth Sunni caliph not Rightly Guided and the first of the Umayyad dynasty named for his own Bany Umayya tribe which ruled for over a hundred years He started the first Islamic civil war in protestation of Ali s assumption of power Hasan b Ali thought be some to be the right caliph after the Battle of Siffin He eventually abdicated to let Mu awiya take the caliphate Husayn b Ali Hasan s brother and the youngest son of Ali He was memorialized because the people who would become Shiites also put him up to rival Mu awiya and the Umayyads He was killed by Umayyad forces and made infamous because he was the Prophet s grandson This murder marked the begging of Shiism Umayyads the first Sunni dynasty A clan within the supreme tribe of Mecca the Quraysh Abbasids the family of the Prophet they overthrew the Umayyad dynasty after about one hundred years and led the Sunni Muslim world until the 1200s Caliph successor to the Prophet as agreed upon by the community The chief administrator Elected only as a temporal leader his jurisdiction does not extend to the divine realm Unlike the Prophet he does not have ismah divine protection from error Battle of Suffin between Ali and Mu awiya Mu awiya committed an act of sedition for refusing to recognize Ali s authority because Ali would not avenge Uthman s assassination Ali set out to put Mu awiay back in his place It resulted in a stale mate that was put into arbitration Shortly after Ali was killed by his own men and Mu awiya emerged as the new caliph once Hasan b Ali who some recognized as the true caliph Ali s son abdicated Rightly Guided Caliphs made up of the first four caliphs Abu Bakr Umar Uthman and Ali They were considered rightly guided because the community recognized that they lived consistently with the Prophet s teachings They were men of integrity who did what Muhammad would have done Sunna the Prophet s words deeds and tacit approvals things that happened around the Prophet that he decided not to criticize His leadership by example a living implementation of the Quran A way of doing that others follow and therefore make legitimate Cumulative nature that becomes normative Some considered them to be normative these were things the Prophet said did that he meant to be taken as a norm Others thought that the sunna was not normative it was just stuff the Prophet said did Hadith written records of Muhammad s words and deeds they make up the Sunna To those that didn t believe in normative practice sunna hadith For the others sunna does not equal hadith because some things that the Prophet said can be were understood to not be taken as normative Therefore sunna and hadith are the same except for those who believe the sunna to be normative Canonical collections of Sunni hadith made up of six canonical books bukhari muslim abu dawrd tirmidhi ibn majah and nasa i These make up the record of all sunna and hadith The most reliable collection of the hadith The first 2 are the premiere collections Five Pillars of Islam shahadah declaration of faith there is no god but God and Muhammad is his messanger prayer fasting during Ramadan alms zakat and pilgrimage hajj Articles of Faith iman beliefs while the pillars are just practices Internal convictions that are not external or visible They are known by God alone faith Six things shahada belief in God angels all books including the bible and torah they are all God s word messengers prophets Muhammad was the final prophet the hereafter physical resurrection judgment heaven hell qadar not negating free will but nothing can happen independent of God s will people will make decisions but ultimately things would not happen unless God wanted it Either good or bad Mu tazilites the first school of rationalist theology most famous for its doctrine of divine justice God is inherently just Championed free will Five principles justice monotheism status between two status someone who believes but does not practice correctly is in between a sinner but still a believer promise and threat command good and forbid evil Ash arites rivals to the Mu tazilites but accepted the rationalist notion of reason Interpreted free will as freedom of choice but not with power God does not possess accidents shape color movement emotion etc God s leading characteristic is that he is all powerful not that he is just But because he is above the judgment of everyone else whatever he does is just Maturidites also rivals to the Mu tazilites Their defining characteristic was that God is above committing evil and he is wise God can commit evil but doesn t unless it serves some greater wiser purpose Traditionalism take a literal interpretation of the Quran There is an innate recognition of God and he can possess accidents Traditions and ways of understanding are passed down through a chain of pious ancestors Not as modern as rationalism it is more linked to the past and has undergone very little change Ta wil figurative and allegorical interpretation of the Quran hand does not equal hand it equal power Four Sunni schools of law Hanafi Maliki Shafi i Hanbali They are all equally orthodox and authoritative The first three are rationalist Hanbali is the only traditionalist school al Ghazali a jurist scholar and philosopher He has a very famous reputation for determining falsafah to be outside the pale of Islam Ijtihad independent interpretation of scripture To