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SC STAT 110 - STAT 110 Lecture Notes

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STAT 110INTRODUCTION TODESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSFall, 2006Lecture NotesJoshua M. TebbsDepartment of StatisticsThe University of South CarolinaTABLE OF CONTENTS STAT 110, J. TEBBSContents1 Where Do Data Come From? 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Individuals, variables, and data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Observational studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 Populations and samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Samples, Good and Bad 82.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 Poor sampling designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 Simple random samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4 Trusting samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 What Do Samples Tell Us? 153.1 Parameters and statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.2 Bias and variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 Margin of error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4 Confidence statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Sample Surveys in the Real World 224.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.2 How sample surveys go wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.3 Stratified random samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.4 Questions to ask before you believe a poll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Experiments, Good and Bad 285.1 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28iTABLE OF CONTENTS STAT 110, J. TEBBS5.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.3 How to experiment badly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.4 Randomized comparative experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5 Principles of experimental design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Experiments in the Real World 356.1 Equal treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.3 Experimental designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.3.1 Completely randomized designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.3.2 Randomized block design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.3.3 Matched pairs design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Data Ethics 427.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.2 Ethical studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.3 Randomized response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 More about clinical trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.5 An unethical investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Measuring 498.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.2 Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508.3 Predictive …


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