Introduction Transportation and Urban Planning in Kingston, Jamaica Cultural Transference + Urban Transformation = Unsustainable TransportationThe University of the West Indies Jamaica, The West IndiesJamaica Touristland The Mountain My Portland Sprawl The CityHurricane Ivan at UWIHurricane Ivan at UWIIvan in Spanish TownHurricane Ivan in East KingstonDowntown University of Technology UWI - Mona New KingstonLatin American cities dream of becoming like Los Angeles. - Eduardo GaleanoNorman W. Garrick In Kingston we have institutionalized a pattern of development which, in many ways, is at odds with the social and economic means and needs of the population and what is straining the carrying capacity of the localityUrban Transformation The Expanding Metropolis, The Decay of Urban CentersKingston Metro2,000 Portmore 50,000 Spanish Town 500,000 Kingston and St. Andrew Kingston Metro 1970200,000 Portmore 120,000 Spanish Town 580,000 Kingston/St.Andrew Kingston Metro 2000Traffic Volume Six Miles ‘91 15,000 ‘01 23,000 ‘91 30,000 ‘01 42,000 ‘91 20,000 ‘01 30,000Traffic Volume Causeway ‘83 20,000 ‘88 21,000 ‘00 37,000 ‘83 19,000 ‘88 20,000 ‘00 30,000 ‘83 12,000 ‘88 15,000 ‘00 32,000Traffic Volume New Kingston, Knutsford and Oxford ‘85 16,000 ‘92 21,000 ‘00 29,000 ‘85 11,000 ‘92 15,000 ‘00 18,000 ‘85 15,000 ‘92 22,000 ‘00 26,000Urban Sprawl Jamaican Style Spanish Town Portmore KingstonUrban AbandonmentNorman W. Garrick Rose Town Abandonment Urban AbandonmentUrban Transformation The Role of Transith"p://www.tramz.com/jm/ki.html3Transit In the early 1990s the Government privatized transit Over the next 5 years the system collapsed In 1990s car ownership tripledIn 1997 the Government got back into the transit business“Do not ride the bus” US Embassy – Kingston Advice to their Fulbright Fellow in Transportation and Urban PlanningTransit in Kingston is decent if… You travel only at off peak hours You like to walk miles to the nearest bus stop If you don’t mind crossing 6 lanes of speeding trafficThe RailroadPortland, Jamaica No Car, No BeachUrban Transformation The Street Network, The Street, The Building• Adapted from Stephen Marshall Pre-1950’s Post-1950’s Evolution of the Street NetworkNorman W. Garrick Old Style UrbanismNorman W. Garrick Transportation and Economic Self Reliance Downtown KingstonNorman W. Garrick King Street Downtown KingstonNorman W. Garrick Rose Town Urban Style Rose Town, KingstonNorman W. Garrick Rose Town Urban Style Rose Town, KingstonNorman W. Garrick Spanish Town Spanish TownNorman W. Garrick Old Style UrbanismHalf-Way-TreeNorman W. Garrick Half Way Tree Half-Way-TreeNorman W. Garrick Portmore Topo Map Portmore: The 1970s New TownNorman W. Garrick Portmore Overhead Portmore: The 1970s New TownPortmore Segregated Land Use Poor Street Connectivity Horrible Walking EnvironmentNorman W. Garrick Portmore Arterial DesignNorman W. Garrick Portmore Land Use Separation Portmore Segregated Land Use Poor Street Connectivity Horrible Walking EnvironmentNorman W. Garrick Portmore The residential environment is much more human-scaleNorman W. Garrick Portmore Commercial Transport Portmore The residential environment facilitate non-motorized travelNorman W. Garrick Portmore In formal modifications create mixed land useUrban Sprawl + Bad Transit + Urban Abandonment + Poor Road Network = Commuting Hell Ten miles = 1 hour Average speed in London = 16 mphThe Car Explosion Cars per 1000How Bad Can it Get? Cars per 1000 UK JamaicaUrban Transformation The Toll RoadNorman W. Garrick www.h2kjamaica.com Highway 2000: The Toll RoadNorman W. Garrick Developing Highway 2000 The Project was developed on a design, build, operate and transfer basis by Bouygues Travaux Publics. The Developer is also part of a private / public partnership with the Government in the implementation of the country’s most ambitious infrastructure project.Norman W. Garrick Highway 2000: A Millennium Project Highway 2000 is the centerpiece of a multi-year Millennium Projects Programme initiated by the Government of Jamaica in September 1999. The main objective of these projects is to upgrade the country’s infrastructure and assist in providing economic opportunities for growth and the creation of jobs.Norman W. Garrick THE CONCESSION AGREEMENT 25.8 The Developer shall be entitled to to reflect any reduction in traffic levels that arise solely from the carrying out of works by or on behalf of the Government of Jamaica which: (a) provides a new rail public transport passenger link between Spanish Town and Kingston; or (b) enhances the speed or capacity of competing roads within the transport corridor served by the Toll Road, www.h2kjamaica.comNorman W. Garrick THE CONCESSION AGREEMENT Except those schemes or projects included in the list below: 1. Improving the Northern coastal road 2. Upgrading of the Three Miles; the Jose Marti and Old Harbour roundabouts; 3. Widening of Washington Boulevard, in Kingston; 4. Expansion Port Bustamante in Kingston; and 5. Expansion of Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston and Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay. 6. Refurbishment of the existing single track passenger rail link, (to the level operating before the closure of the rail link). www.h2kjamaica.comNorman W. Garrick Austin, Texas Toll RoadNorman W. Garrick Highway 2000 UrbanityNorman W. Garrick Highway 2000 Housing Estate New Exclusive Gated community of 100 houses located in AQUEDUCT COUNTRY CLUB, Bushy Park, St. Catherine. • www.sangstersrealty.comNorman W. Garrick Highway 2000 Housing Estate Aqueduct Country Club is just a 25 minute drive from Kingston on the new Highway 2000. Highway 2000 • www.sangstersrealty.comNorman W. Garrick Highway 2000 Housing Estate Sale Price: J$12,500,000 Bedrooms: 3 Bathrooms: 3-1/2 Floor Area: 1,847 sq ft Land Size: approximately 1/4 acre • www.sangstersrealty.com • www.sangstersrealty.comNorman W. Garrick St. Catherine 2020The Toll RoadNorman W. Garrick The Road to Development? AccordingtoKingsleyThomaswhoconceptualizedtheHighway2000project:"Ihavealwayssaidthattheroadtodevelopmentisthedevelopmentofroads.”Norman W. Garrick Jamaica has – No automobile industry – No oil –