Lecture 9TERMS TO KNOW• Blastocyst- Initial embryonic cluster of cells; inner and outer layer [thin wall early development-gives rise to the embryo and placenta]• Trophoblast- Outer layer of blastocyst [obtains nutrients in uterus and produces pregnancy hormones]• Endometrium- Glandular uterine epithelium [lining uterus] • Corpus luteum-Yellow-body; temporary endocrine structure [in ovary, gives nutrients]• Fallopian tube- Eggs fertilized here [another name for oviduct]• Embryonic diapause- The complex reproductive pattern in kangaroos that may result in having three young in different stages of development dependent on the mother at one time [mother can have successful liters and separate time of mating and fertilization by delaying the egg gestation until she is ready]• Pseudovaginal canal- Females have two lateral vagina that function to transport sperm upwards, but not to deliver young down. Birth occurs through a pseudo-vaginal canal that acts as a shortcut to the outside. This canal opens and closes with each birth. • Eusocial- Showing an advanced level of social organization, in which a single female or caste produces the offspring and nonreproductive individuals cooperate in caring for the young. [caste structure where 40 individuals with only one reproductive female. There are other females, but they can’t breed, 1-4 liters per yr with two dozen in each liter. This lessens the genetic diversity (Queen, Small frequent workers, infrequent workers, and nonworkers)]• Bunodont- Rounded cusps (omnivores)• Lophodont- Enamel ridges (herbivores)• Selenodont- Ridges anterior-posterior• Hypsodonty- High-crowned molars• Brachydonty- Low-crowned molars• Carnassial pair- Last upper premolar and 1st lower molar (carnivores) • Myrmecophagy- Ant and termite eating [long, tubular snout, teeth lost]• Monogastric- Simple stomach [large intestine and cecum used as fermentation chambers then get attacked by microorganisms; coprophagy – eat to poop to process it a second time to get enough of the nutrients]• Ruminant- Four chambered, complex stomach [the two front chambers (rumen and reticulum) break down then regurgitate it and re-chew it, after all the cellulose is broken down it goes to the third and fourth chamber (omasum and abomasum)] • Foregut- (ruminant) fermenters - 4 stomach chambers, chew cud -Foregut fermenters get the most nutrients out of their food-Microorganisms in foregut fermenters can produce all essential amino acids-Plant toxins processed in foregut fermenters-Foregut fermenters limited in size• Hindgut- (monogastric) fermenters -enlarged large intestine and cecum; coprophagy in some-Hindgut fermenters can survive on a low-quality food if it’s abundant-Foods processed rapidly in hindgut fermenters-Hindgut fermenters do not get all nutrients out of cell walls• Stomach-the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.• Cecum-a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines (beginning of the large intestine)• Large Intestine-the cecum, colon, and rectum collectively. The large intestine takes care of absorbing any water left in the food that hasn’t been digested yet, and then passing any unused waste from the body.• Rumen-The main function of rumen is digestion and absorption, especially fibres. Its inner surface is covered with small projections which increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. The rumen is actually the largest segment of the adult ruminant stomach.• Reticulum-The reticulum is the second chamber of the ruminant stomach. It has regular contractions which precede the biphasic ruminal contraction for digestion of food particles. Mechanical digestion and microbial fermentation occur to breakdown food particles for absorption.• Axial swimming-Cetaceans and Sirenians use body undulations (flowing up and down movement like the motion of waves) to swimNEED TO KNOW1. Know reproductive similarities among mammal groups(Monotremes, Marsupials, & Eutherians)-Lactation-Blastocyst (initial embryonic cluster of cells; inner and outer layer)-Trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst)-Endometrium (glandular uterine epithelium)-Corpus luteum (yellow-body; temporary endocrine structure)-Eggs fertilized in the Fallopian tube2. Know reproductive differences between Monotremes and TheriansMonotremes lay eggs (no placenta; primitive mammalian condition)-Viviparity in Theria (development of embryo inside the mother eventually leading to live birth)3. Know reproductive characteristics of Monotremes-Oviducts remain separate (swell to form uterus), fusing only at the base where they join with the urethra to form the urogenital sinus.-Only the left oviduct is functional in the platypus-Large ovaries-Egg retained in uterus until shell is secreted-Leathery eggshell4. Know reproductive characteristics of Therians-Placenta-Embryonic diapause-Testes descend into scrotum5. Know reproductive characteristics of Marsupials-Two lateral vaginae-Birth through a pseudovaginal canal-Gestation time extremely short-Young born under-developed -But with well-developed forelimbs andfacial characters-Presence of a pouch6. Know examples of extreme reproductive specializationsNaked mole rats:-Eusocial like ants and bees-One reproductive female in a large colony-Castes-Small frequent workers-Small infrequent works-Larger nonworkers that care for young-Males and females in equal numbers-Only large males [nonworkers] breed with queenSpotted hyenas:-Females with masculinized genitalia-Enlarged clitoris, fused labia-High levels of male hormones-Genitalia used for behavioral displays[matriarchal (dominant female), urination, copulation, and birth occur in the clitoris, high mortality rate for females giving birth first time]7. Know different dentition/molar specializations[carnassial pair used for shearing, incisors for grabbing, canines for stabbing, premolars for piercing or slicing food, and molars for grinding or chewing]8. Know dentition modifications for ant feeders and aquatic feeders-Myrmecophagous –Ant and termite eating-Aquatic toothed mammals – homodont dentition-Aquatic baleen mammals – Loss of teeth, baleen to strain planktonic organisms 9. Know how digestion in herbivores works, especially the difference between foregut and hindgut fermenters (and